CWE-665
DiscouragedImproper Initialization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product does not initialize or incorrectly initializes a resource, which might leave the resource in an unexpected state when it is accessed or used.
437 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-86WF-436M-H424
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-01-06 20:30 – Updated: 2021-03-31 21:09A flaw was found in http-proxy-agent, prior to version 2.1.0. It was discovered http-proxy-agent passes an auth option to the Buffer constructor without proper sanitization. This could result in a Denial of Service through the usage of all available CPU resources and data exposure through an uninitialized memory leak in setups where an attacker could submit typed input to the auth parameter.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "http-proxy-agent"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.1.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-10196"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-665"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-03-22T22:28:09Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-03-19T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A flaw was found in http-proxy-agent, prior to version 2.1.0. It was discovered http-proxy-agent passes an auth option to the Buffer constructor without proper sanitization. This could result in a Denial of Service through the usage of all available CPU resources and data exposure through an uninitialized memory leak in setups where an attacker could submit typed input to the auth parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-86wf-436m-h424",
"modified": "2021-03-31T21:09:25Z",
"published": "2022-01-06T20:30:13Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-10196"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/TooTallNate/node-http-proxy-agent/commit/b7b7cc793c3226aa83f820ce5c277e81862d32eb"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1567245"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/607"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Resource Exhaustion Denial of Service in http-proxy-agent "
}
GHSA-8799-XC4M-6FCP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-13 00:33 – Updated: 2025-02-13 00:33Improper initialization in the firmware for some Intel(R) AMT and Intel(R) Standard Manageability may allow a privileged user to potentially enable information disclosure via local access.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-26021"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-665"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-12T22:15:31Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Improper initialization in the firmware for some Intel(R) AMT and Intel(R) Standard Manageability may allow a privileged user to potentially enable information disclosure via local access.",
"id": "GHSA-8799-xc4m-6fcp",
"modified": "2025-02-13T00:33:04Z",
"published": "2025-02-13T00:33:04Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-26021"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://intel.com/content/www/us/en/security-center/advisory/intel-sa-01152.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-87QR-9Q4H-M9JH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:33 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:33Multiple vulnerabilities in Cisco Webex Network Recording Player for Windows and Cisco Webex Player for Windows could allow an attacker to execute arbitrary code on an affected system. The vulnerabilities are due to insufficient validation of certain elements of a Webex recording that is stored in the Advanced Recording Format (ARF) or Webex Recording Format (WRF). An attacker could exploit these vulnerabilities by sending a user a malicious ARF or WRF file through a link or email attachment and persuading the user to open the file with the affected software on the local system. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary code on the affected system with the privileges of the targeted user.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-3573"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119",
"CWE-665"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-11-06T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Multiple vulnerabilities in Cisco Webex Network Recording Player for Windows and Cisco Webex Player for Windows could allow an attacker to execute arbitrary code on an affected system. The vulnerabilities are due to insufficient validation of certain elements of a Webex recording that is stored in the Advanced Recording Format (ARF) or Webex Recording Format (WRF). An attacker could exploit these vulnerabilities by sending a user a malicious ARF or WRF file through a link or email attachment and persuading the user to open the file with the affected software on the local system. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary code on the affected system with the privileges of the targeted user.",
"id": "GHSA-87qr-9q4h-m9jh",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:33:21Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:33:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-3573"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-webex-nbr-NOS6FQ24"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-20-1362"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-87VR-968R-R3QP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:38 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:38A flaw was discovered in gdm 3.24.1 where gdm greeter was no longer setting the ran_once boolean during autologin. If autologin was enabled for a victim, an attacker could simply select 'login as another user' to unlock their screen.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-12164"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-665"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-07-26T16:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A flaw was discovered in gdm 3.24.1 where gdm greeter was no longer setting the ran_once boolean during autologin. If autologin was enabled for a victim, an attacker could simply select \u0027login as another user\u0027 to unlock their screen.",
"id": "GHSA-87vr-968r-r3qp",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:38:14Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:38:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-12164"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2017-12164"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gdm/commit/ff98b28"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:P/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-87WQ-V8R3-XXX5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:38 – Updated: 2024-10-08 18:32Windows Installer Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-1661"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-269",
"CWE-665"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-01-12T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Windows Installer Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability",
"id": "GHSA-87wq-v8r3-xxx5",
"modified": "2024-10-08T18:32:57Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:38:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-1661"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2021-1661"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2021-1661"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-88G8-F5MF-F5RJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-02-05 00:00 – Updated: 2022-02-11 16:20In OpenZeppelin <=v4.4.0, initializer functions that are invoked separate from contract creation (the most prominent example being minimal proxies) may be reentered if they make an untrusted non-view external call. Once an initializer has finished running it can never be re-executed. However, an exception put in place to support multiple inheritance made reentrancy possible, breaking the expectation that there is a single execution.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@openzeppelin/contracts"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.4.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-46320"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-665"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-02-11T16:20:03Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-02-04T12:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In OpenZeppelin \u003c=v4.4.0, initializer functions that are invoked separate from contract creation (the most prominent example being minimal proxies) may be reentered if they make an untrusted non-view external call. Once an initializer has finished running it can never be re-executed. However, an exception put in place to support multiple inheritance made reentrancy possible, breaking the expectation that there is a single execution.",
"id": "GHSA-88g8-f5mf-f5rj",
"modified": "2022-02-11T16:20:03Z",
"published": "2022-02-05T00:00:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/security/advisories/GHSA-9c22-pwxw-p6hx"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-46320"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/pull/3006"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/releases/tag/v4.4.1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Improper Initialization in OpenZeppelin"
}
GHSA-89R7-5W6C-HQPP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-10 03:30 – Updated: 2023-03-15 18:30WebAssembly v1.0.29 was discovered to contain a segmentation fault via the component wabt::cat_compute_size.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-27115"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-665"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-03-10T02:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "WebAssembly v1.0.29 was discovered to contain a segmentation fault via the component wabt::cat_compute_size.",
"id": "GHSA-89r7-5w6c-hqpp",
"modified": "2023-03-15T18:30:29Z",
"published": "2023-03-10T03:30:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-27115"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/WebAssembly/wabt/issues/1938"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/WebAssembly/wabt/issues/1992"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8H9X-6778-M2FG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:31 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:31Acronis Cyber Backup 12.5 and Cyber Protect 15 include an OpenSSL component that specifies an OPENSSLDIR variable as a subdirectory within C:\jenkins_agent. Acronis Cyber Backup and Cyber Protect contain a privileged service that uses this OpenSSL component. Because unprivileged Windows users can create subdirectories off of the system root, a user can create the appropriate path to a specially-crafted openssl.cnf file to achieve arbitrary code execution with SYSTEM privileges.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-10138"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-269",
"CWE-665"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-10-21T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Acronis Cyber Backup 12.5 and Cyber Protect 15 include an OpenSSL component that specifies an OPENSSLDIR variable as a subdirectory within C:\\jenkins_agent\\. Acronis Cyber Backup and Cyber Protect contain a privileged service that uses this OpenSSL component. Because unprivileged Windows users can create subdirectories off of the system root, a user can create the appropriate path to a specially-crafted openssl.cnf file to achieve arbitrary code execution with SYSTEM privileges.",
"id": "GHSA-8h9x-6778-m2fg",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:31:22Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:31:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-10138"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/114757"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-8PMX-P244-G88H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-05-21 14:28 – Updated: 2024-11-13 16:26Impact
The implementation of tf.io.decode_raw produces incorrect results and crashes the Python interpreter when combining fixed_length and wider datatypes.
import tensorflow as tf
tf.io.decode_raw(tf.constant(["1","2","3","4"]), tf.uint16, fixed_length=4)
The implementation of the padded version is buggy due to a confusion about pointer arithmetic rules.
First, the code computes the width of each output element by dividing the fixed_length value to the size of the type argument:
int width = fixed_length / sizeof(T);
The fixed_length argument is also used to determine the size needed for the output tensor:
TensorShape out_shape = input.shape();
out_shape.AddDim(width);
Tensor* output_tensor = nullptr;
OP_REQUIRES_OK(context, context->allocate_output("output", out_shape, &output_tensor));
auto out = output_tensor->flat_inner_dims<T>();
T* out_data = out.data();
memset(out_data, 0, fixed_length * flat_in.size());
This is followed by reencoding code:
for (int64 i = 0; i < flat_in.size(); ++i) {
const T* in_data = reinterpret_cast<const T*>(flat_in(i).data());
if (flat_in(i).size() > fixed_length) {
memcpy(out_data, in_data, fixed_length);
} else {
memcpy(out_data, in_data, flat_in(i).size());
}
out_data += fixed_length;
}
The erroneous code is the last line above: it is moving the out_data pointer by fixed_length * sizeof(T) bytes whereas it only copied at most fixed_length bytes from the input. This results in parts of the input not being decoded into the output.
Furthermore, because the pointer advance is far wider than desired, this quickly leads to writing to outside the bounds of the backing data. This OOB write leads to interpreter crash in the reproducer mentioned here, but more severe attacks can be mounted too, given that this gadget allows writing to periodically placed locations in memory.
Patches
We have patched the issue in GitHub commit 698e01511f62a3c185754db78ebce0eee1f0184d.
The fix will be included in TensorFlow 2.5.0. We will also cherrypick this commit on TensorFlow 2.4.2, TensorFlow 2.3.3, TensorFlow 2.2.3 and TensorFlow 2.1.4, as these are also affected and still in supported range.
For more information
Please consult our security guide for more information regarding the security model and how to contact us with issues and questions.
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],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-29614"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-665",
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-05-17T21:25:08Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-05-14T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\nThe implementation of `tf.io.decode_raw` produces incorrect results and crashes the Python interpreter when combining `fixed_length` and wider datatypes.\n\n```python\nimport tensorflow as tf\n\ntf.io.decode_raw(tf.constant([\"1\",\"2\",\"3\",\"4\"]), tf.uint16, fixed_length=4)\n``` \n \nThe [implementation of the padded version](https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/1d8903e5b167ed0432077a3db6e462daf781d1fe/tensorflow/core/kernels/decode_padded_raw_op.cc) is buggy due to a confusion about pointer arithmetic rules.\n\nFirst, the code [computes](https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/1d8903e5b167ed0432077a3db6e462daf781d1fe/tensorflow/core/kernels/decode_padded_raw_op.cc#L61) the width of each output element by dividing the `fixed_length` value to the size of the type argument:\n\n```cc\nint width = fixed_length / sizeof(T);\n```\n\nThe `fixed_length` argument is also used to determine the [size needed for the output tensor](https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/1d8903e5b167ed0432077a3db6e462daf781d1fe/tensorflow/core/kernels/decode_padded_raw_op.cc#L63-L79):\n\n```cc\nTensorShape out_shape = input.shape();\nout_shape.AddDim(width);\nTensor* output_tensor = nullptr;\nOP_REQUIRES_OK(context, context-\u003eallocate_output(\"output\", out_shape, \u0026output_tensor));\n\nauto out = output_tensor-\u003eflat_inner_dims\u003cT\u003e();\nT* out_data = out.data();\nmemset(out_data, 0, fixed_length * flat_in.size());\n```\n\nThis is followed by [reencoding code](https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/1d8903e5b167ed0432077a3db6e462daf781d1fe/tensorflow/core/kernels/decode_padded_raw_op.cc#L85-L94):\n\n```cc\nfor (int64 i = 0; i \u003c flat_in.size(); ++i) {\n const T* in_data = reinterpret_cast\u003cconst T*\u003e(flat_in(i).data());\n\n if (flat_in(i).size() \u003e fixed_length) {\n memcpy(out_data, in_data, fixed_length);\n } else {\n memcpy(out_data, in_data, flat_in(i).size());\n }\n out_data += fixed_length;\n}\n```\n\nThe erroneous code is the last line above: it is moving the `out_data` pointer by `fixed_length * sizeof(T)` bytes whereas it only copied at most `fixed_length` bytes from the input. This results in parts of the input not being decoded into the output.\n\nFurthermore, because the pointer advance is far wider than desired, this quickly leads to writing to outside the bounds of the backing data. This OOB write leads to interpreter crash in the reproducer mentioned here, but more severe attacks can be mounted too, given that this gadget allows writing to periodically placed locations in memory.\n\n### Patches\nWe have patched the issue in GitHub commit [698e01511f62a3c185754db78ebce0eee1f0184d](https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/commit/698e01511f62a3c185754db78ebce0eee1f0184d).\n\nThe fix will be included in TensorFlow 2.5.0. We will also cherrypick this commit on TensorFlow 2.4.2, TensorFlow 2.3.3, TensorFlow 2.2.3 and TensorFlow 2.1.4, as these are also affected and still in supported range.\n\n### For more information\nPlease consult [our security guide](https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/master/SECURITY.md) for more information regarding the security model and how to contact us with issues and questions.",
"id": "GHSA-8pmx-p244-g88h",
"modified": "2024-11-13T16:26:19Z",
"published": "2021-05-21T14:28:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/security/advisories/GHSA-8pmx-p244-g88h"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-29614"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/commit/698e01511f62a3c185754db78ebce0eee1f0184d"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/tensorflow-cpu/PYSEC-2021-542.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/tensorflow-gpu/PYSEC-2021-740.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/tensorflow/PYSEC-2021-251.yaml"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Interpreter crash from `tf.io.decode_raw`"
}
GHSA-8PRM-GH76-RQ38
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-09-20 18:30 – Updated: 2025-06-28 00:31Improper initialization of variables in the DXE driver may allow a privileged user to leak sensitive information via local access.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-20597"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-665",
"CWE-824"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-09-20T18:15:12Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Improper initialization of variables in the DXE driver may allow a privileged user to leak sensitive information via local access.",
"id": "GHSA-8prm-gh76-rq38",
"modified": "2025-06-28T00:31:11Z",
"published": "2023-09-20T18:30:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-20597"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.amd.com/en/corporate/product-security/bulletin/AMD-SB-4007"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-3
Strategy: Language Selection
- Use a language that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, in Java, if the programmer does not explicitly initialize a variable, then the code could produce a compile-time error (if the variable is local) or automatically initialize the variable to the default value for the variable's type. In Perl, if explicit initialization is not performed, then a default value of undef is assigned, which is interpreted as 0, false, or an equivalent value depending on the context in which the variable is accessed.
Mitigation
Identify all variables and data stores that receive information from external sources, and apply input validation to make sure that they are only initialized to expected values.
Mitigation
Explicitly initialize all your variables and other data stores, either during declaration or just before the first usage.
Mitigation
Pay close attention to complex conditionals that affect initialization, since some conditions might not perform the initialization.
Mitigation
Avoid race conditions (CWE-362) during initialization routines.
Mitigation
Run or compile your product with settings that generate warnings about uninitialized variables or data.
CAPEC-26: Leveraging Race Conditions
The adversary targets a race condition occurring when multiple processes access and manipulate the same resource concurrently, and the outcome of the execution depends on the particular order in which the access takes place. The adversary can leverage a race condition by "running the race", modifying the resource and modifying the normal execution flow. For instance, a race condition can occur while accessing a file: the adversary can trick the system by replacing the original file with their version and cause the system to read the malicious file.
CAPEC-29: Leveraging Time-of-Check and Time-of-Use (TOCTOU) Race Conditions
This attack targets a race condition occurring between the time of check (state) for a resource and the time of use of a resource. A typical example is file access. The adversary can leverage a file access race condition by "running the race", meaning that they would modify the resource between the first time the target program accesses the file and the time the target program uses the file. During that period of time, the adversary could replace or modify the file, causing the application to behave unexpectedly.