Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-287

Discouraged

Improper Authentication

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

When an actor claims to have a given identity, the product does not prove or insufficiently proves that the claim is correct.

6814 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-92227 (GCVE-0-2026-92227)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-29 16:36 – Updated: 2026-09-30 16:21
VLAI
Title
Joomla! Core - [20260914] - Core - MFA Authentication Bypass through rememberme cookies in Joomla 4.0.0-5.4.8, 6.0.0-6.1.3
Summary
Joomla! Core - [20260914] - Core - MFA Authentication Bypass through rememberme cookies in Joomla 4.0.0-5.4.8, 6.0.0-6.1.3 - The premature issuance of an rememberme cookie leads to a MFA bypass vulnerability.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-30 15:11 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-287 - Improper Authentication
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Joomla! Project Joomla! CMS Affected: 4.0.0-5.4.8
Affected: 6.0.0-6.1.3
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-91002 (GCVE-0-2026-91002)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-15 05:30 – Updated: 2026-09-15 13:53 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
stamparm maltrail Blacklist Endpoint httpd.py _blacklist missing authentication
Summary
A weakness has been identified in stamparm maltrail up to 3.0.1. This vulnerability affects the function _blacklist of the file core/httpd.py of the component Blacklist Endpoint. Executing a manipulation can lead to missing authentication. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be used for attacks. Upgrading to version 3.1 is able to resolve this issue. This patch is called d95868dff3da4d3bd4f942837a26cb7c73a797ae. It is suggested to upgrade the affected component. The vendor fixed the issue the same day it was reported, in version 3.1, by gating the endpoint on an authenticated session or the new Blacklist_ALLOWLIST option.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-15 13:47 UTC
CWE
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
stamparm maltrail Affected: 3.0.0
Affected: 3.0.1
Unaffected: 3.1
    cpe:2.3:a:stamparm:maltrail:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-90961 (GCVE-0-2026-90961)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-14 13:22 – Updated: 2026-09-14 13:55
VLAI
Title
MISP LdapAuth and LinOTPAuth Authentication Bypass via Empty or Non-String Credentials
Summary
The LdapAuth and LinOTPAuth authentication plugins in MISP contain an authentication bypass vulnerability. Both LdapAuthenticate and LinOTPAuthenticate replace CakePHP's FormAuthenticate class but fail to replicate its _checkFields() input validation guard. As a result, the email and password fields extracted from the login request are passed to downstream authentication logic without verifying that they are non-empty strings. In the LDAP authenticator, an empty or null password is forwarded to ldap_bind(). Per RFC 4513 section 5.1.2, a bind request with a valid DN and an empty password constitutes an unauthenticated bind, which many LDAP directory servers accept as successful. An attacker who knows any valid user email address in the directory can therefore authenticate as that user without possessing a password. Additionally, non-string values (null, false, arrays) are either coerced to empty strings by ldap_bind(), raise TypeErrors, or are misinterpreted as find conditions in _findUser(), all of which can lead to unintended authentication outcomes. In the LinOTP authenticator, the same missing guard allows non-string credentials to be concatenated into the LinOTP verification request, and in the mixed-authentication branch an empty password is accepted against a stored hash of the empty string. A secondary issue in the LDAP authenticator is that newly created user accounts (auto-provisioned on first LDAP login) were assigned an empty password. Because the save path skips validation, the empty string is hashed and stored. If the user later ceases to be found in LDAP and the mixed-authentication fallback is used, the stored hash of the empty string verifies against an empty password, again permitting unauthenticated access. The vulnerability requires that the affected plugin (LdapAuth or LinOTPAuth) is enabled on the MISP instance and that the attacker knows at least one valid email address registered in the directory or MISP user store. No prior authentication is required. Successful exploitation grants the attacker the full privileges of the impersonated user, which may include administrative access to threat intelligence data. Version affected: ≤2.5.45
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-14 13:55 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-287 - Improper Authentication
  • CWE-20 - Improper Input Validation
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
MISP MISP Affected: 0 , < 2.5.46 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
GCVE extensions
bcp-05-x-01
AI-assisted vulnerability information annotation
GCVE-BCP-05-X-01
Whole record AI-generated Review: review GNA-1

Draft vulnerability metadata was generated from a git-format patch using an Ollama-hosted language model. Human validation is required before publication.

ai-computer-assisted:llm-generatedai-computer-assisted:classification
Model Source Identifier
qwen3.8:27b ollama qwen3.8:27b
bcp-05-x-02
Patch-to-vulnerability generation provenance
GCVE-BCP-05-X-02
Generator
patch2vuln.py on 2026-09-14 13:14
Model
qwen3.8:27b
Input
https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/0ee058548.patch 01b60b396532…
Confidence
high
Commit Subject Patch SHA-256
0ee0585486cd fix: [security] Reject empty and non-string credentials in 01b60b396532…
Fix summary

The fix adds explicit type and emptiness validation for the email and password fields in both LdapAuthenticate and LinOTPAuthenticate before any authentication logic is invoked. Non-string or empty credentials are rejected with a logged error and a false return. Additionally, the LDAP authenticator now assigns a cryptographically random password to auto-provisioned user accounts instead of an empty string, preventing the stored hash of '' from being verifiable in the mixed-authentication fallback path. The LinOTP authenticator also rejects an empty password specifically in the mixed-authentication branch where the password is checked against the local database.

Patch summary

In LdapAuthenticate.php: (1) email and password are now extracted with isset() defaults to empty string; (2) a guard clause checks is_string() and non-emptiness for both fields, logging an error and returning false on failure; (3) the auto-provisioned user creation block now calls $userModel->generateRandomPassword() and stores that value in both 'password' and 'confirm_password' fields instead of empty strings. In LinOTPAuthenticate.php: (1) email, password, and otp are extracted with isset() defaults; (2) a guard clause checks is_string() and non-emptiness for email and is_string() for password, logging and returning false on failure; (3) in the mixed-authentication branch, an additional check rejects an empty password before calling _findUser().

CVSS rationale

AV:N: The vulnerability is exploitable over the network via the MISP web login endpoint. AC:L: Exploitation requires only sending a login request with an empty or non-string password field; no race conditions, specific directory configuration beyond accepting unauthenticated binds (which is common), or other special conditions are needed. AT:N: No attack target manipulation is required. PR:N: No prior authentication is needed; the attacker is attempting to authenticate. UI:N: No user interaction is required. VC:H: Successful exploitation grants the attacker the full data-access privileges of the impersonated user, potentially including all MISP threat intelligence data. VI:H: The attacker can create, modify, or delete MISP objects, tags, and configurations at the privilege level of the impersonated user. VA:N: No direct availability impact is demonstrated. SC/SI/SA:N: No separate subsequent system is identified; the impact is contained to the MISP instance itself.

Weakness rationale
  • CWE-287 The primary impact is an authentication bypass: empty or non-string credentials allow an unauthenticated attacker to be authenticated as a known directory user. The root cause is the absence of the credential validation guard that FormAuthenticate normally provides.
  • CWE-20 The underlying technical weakness is the failure to validate that user-supplied credential fields are non-empty strings before passing them to ldap_bind(), the LinOTP verifier, or _findUser(). Non-string types (null, false, arrays) and empty strings are all accepted and produce unintended authentication behavior.
Assumptions to verify
  • The LDAP directory server is configured to accept unauthenticated (empty-password) binds, which is common but not universal; if the directory rejects empty-password binds, the LDAP-specific bypass is mitigated at the directory level, though the non-string credential and empty-password-hash issues remain.
  • The attacker must know at least one valid email address that exists in the LDAP directory or MISP user store.
  • The LdapAuth or LinOTPAuth plugin is enabled on the affected MISP instance.
  • CVSS impact ratings assume the attacker can impersonate a user with high privileges (e.g., admin); actual impact scales with the privileges of the specific user impersonated.
  • The exact fixed version is not specified in the patch metadata; the fix commit is 238 commits after tag v2.5.46, suggesting the fix landed in a release after 2.5.46, but the precise version boundary is unconfirmed.
  • The LinOTP empty-password bypass in the mixed-auth branch requires the mixedauth setting to be enabled.
Model comparison

Selected qwen3.8:27b by deterministic-consensus-v1
The selected result is closest to model consensus; this heuristic does not establish factual correctness and human review remains required.

Model Score Agreement Confidence Assumptions
qwen3.8:27b 5 9 high 6
Show details on NVD website

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              "value": "\u003cp\u003eThe LdapAuth and LinOTPAuth authentication plugins in MISP contain an authentication bypass vulnerability. Both LdapAuthenticate and LinOTPAuthenticate replace CakePHP\u0027s FormAuthenticate class but fail to replicate its _checkFields() input validation guard. As a result, the email and password fields extracted from the login request are passed to downstream authentication logic without verifying that they are non-empty strings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the LDAP authenticator, an empty or null password is forwarded to ldap_bind(). Per RFC 4513 section 5.1.2, a bind request with a valid DN and an empty password constitutes an unauthenticated bind, which many LDAP directory servers accept as successful. An attacker who knows any valid user email address in the directory can therefore authenticate as that user without possessing a password. Additionally, non-string values (null, false, arrays) are either coerced to empty strings by ldap_bind(), raise TypeErrors, or are misinterpreted as find conditions in _findUser(), all of which can lead to unintended authentication outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the LinOTP authenticator, the same missing guard allows non-string credentials to be concatenated into the LinOTP verification request, and in the mixed-authentication branch an empty password is accepted against a stored hash of the empty string.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA secondary issue in the LDAP authenticator is that newly created user accounts (auto-provisioned on first LDAP login) were assigned an empty password. Because the save path skips validation, the empty string is hashed and stored. If the user later ceases to be found in LDAP and the mixed-authentication fallback is used, the stored hash of the empty string verifies against an empty password, again permitting unauthenticated access.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe vulnerability requires that the affected plugin (LdapAuth or LinOTPAuth) is enabled on the MISP instance and that the attacker knows at least one valid email address registered in the directory or MISP user store. No prior authentication is required. Successful exploitation grants the attacker the full privileges of the impersonated user, which may include administrative access to threat intelligence data.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVersion affected: \u22642.5.45\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"
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              "value": "\u003cp\u003eThe fix adds explicit type and emptiness validation for the email and password fields in both LdapAuthenticate and LinOTPAuthenticate before any authentication logic is invoked. Non-string or empty credentials are rejected with a logged error and a false return. Additionally, the LDAP authenticator now assigns a cryptographically random password to auto-provisioned user accounts instead of an empty string, preventing the stored hash of \u0027\u0027 from being verifiable in the mixed-authentication fallback path. The LinOTP authenticator also rejects an empty password specifically in the mixed-authentication branch where the password is checked against the local database.\u003c/p\u003e"
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      "title": "MISP LdapAuth and LinOTPAuth Authentication Bypass via Empty or Non-String Credentials",
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CVE-2026-90840 (GCVE-0-2026-90840)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-14 23:15 – Updated: 2026-09-15 13:54 X_Freeware
VLAI
Title
PHPGurukul Blood Donor Management System Admin Controllers Dashboard.php __construct improper authentication
Summary
A vulnerability was identified in PHPGurukul Blood Donor Management System 1.0. Affected is the function __construct of the file /application/controllers/admin/Dashboard.php of the component Admin Controllers. The manipulation leads to improper authentication. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit is publicly available and might be used.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-15 13:47 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-287 - Improper Authentication
References
URL Tags
https://vuldb.com/vuln/403392 vdb-entrytechnical-description
https://vuldb.com/vuln/403392/cti signaturepermissions-required
https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-90840 third-party-advisory
https://vuldb.com/submit/925615 third-party-advisory
https://github.com/usernamevnq/CVEs/issues/1 exploitissue-tracking
https://phpgurukul.com/ product
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
PHPGurukul Blood Donor Management System Affected: 1.0
    cpe:2.3:a:phpgurukul:blood_donor_management_system:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-90623 (GCVE-0-2026-90623)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-14 03:45 – Updated: 2026-09-14 15:48
VLAI
Title
andreashappe cochise SSH Host Key ssh_connection.py asyncssh.connect certificate validation
Summary
A weakness has been identified in andreashappe cochise up to 0.4.1. Affected is the function asyncssh.connect of the file src/cochise/ssh_connection.py of the component SSH Host Key Handler. Executing a manipulation can lead to improper certificate validation. The attack may be launched remotely. The attack requires a high level of complexity. The exploitability is told to be difficult. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be used for attacks. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-14 15:48 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-295 - Improper Certificate Validation
  • CWE-287 - Improper Authentication
References
URL Tags
https://vuldb.com/vuln/403205 vdb-entrytechnical-description
https://vuldb.com/vuln/403205/cti signaturepermissions-required
https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-90623 third-party-advisory
https://vuldb.com/submit/914815 third-party-advisory
https://github.com/andreashappe/cochise/issues/13 exploitissue-tracking
https://github.com/andreashappe/cochise/ product
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
andreashappe cochise Affected: 0.4.0
Affected: 0.4.1
    cpe:2.3:a:andreashappe:cochise:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-90620 (GCVE-0-2026-90620)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-14 03:00 – Updated: 2026-09-14 14:59
VLAI
Title
0x4m4 HexStrike AI API Command Endpoint hexstrike_server.py missing authentication
Summary
A vulnerability was determined in 0x4m4 HexStrike AI up to d689933ff579d839c676c82b231f8e98326c5f04. The impacted element is an unknown function of the file hexstrike_server.py of the component API Command Endpoint. This manipulation causes missing authentication. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized. Continious delivery with rolling releases is used by this product. Therefore, no version details of affected nor updated releases are available. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-14 14:59 UTC
CWE
References
URL Tags
https://vuldb.com/vuln/403202 vdb-entry
https://vuldb.com/vuln/403202/cti signaturepermissions-required
https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-90620 third-party-advisory
https://vuldb.com/submit/914813 third-party-advisory
https://github.com/0x4m4/hexstrike-ai/issues/223 exploitissue-tracking
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
0x4m4 HexStrike AI Affected: d689933ff579d839c676c82b231f8e98326c5f04
    cpe:2.3:a:0x4m4:hexstrike_ai:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
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CVE-2026-90601 (GCVE-0-2026-90601)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-13 22:30 – Updated: 2026-09-15 18:02
VLAI
Title
getzep graphiti REST API main.py improper authentication
Summary
A vulnerability was found in getzep graphiti up to 0.30.2. Affected is an unknown function of the file server/graph_service/main.py of the component REST API. The manipulation results in improper authentication. The attack can be launched remotely. The pull request to fix this issue awaits acceptance.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-15 18:02 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-287 - Improper Authentication
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
getzep graphiti Affected: 0.30.0
Affected: 0.30.1
Affected: 0.30.2
    cpe:2.3:a:graphiti:graphiti:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
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CVE-2026-90579 (GCVE-0-2026-90579)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-13 19:00 – Updated: 2026-09-14 17:08
VLAI
Title
cheshire-cat-ai Cheshire Cat AI custom_auth_handler.py _authorize_http_key missing authentication
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in cheshire-cat-ai Cheshire Cat AI up to 1.9.2. This affects the function _authorize_http_key of the file core/cat/factory/custom_auth_handler.py. The manipulation of the argument user_id leads to missing authentication. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-14 17:05 UTC
CWE
References
URL Tags
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https://vuldb.com/vuln/403164/cti signaturepermissions-required
https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-90579 third-party-advisory
https://vuldb.com/submit/913219 third-party-advisory
https://github.com/cheshire-cat-ai/core/issues/1137 exploitissue-tracking
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
cheshire-cat-ai Cheshire Cat AI Affected: 1.9.0
Affected: 1.9.1
Affected: 1.9.2
    cpe:2.3:a:cheshire-cat-ai:cheshire_cat_ai:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
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CVE-2026-90524 (GCVE-0-2026-90524)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-13 13:30 – Updated: 2026-09-15 13:59 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
jaychouchannel Tourism-Management-System Update Endpoint missing authentication
Summary
A security flaw has been discovered in jaychouchannel Tourism-Management-System up to 229956e20dbd4a80eeff14535e44d3099502af09. The impacted element is an unknown function of the component Update Endpoint. Performing a manipulation results in missing authentication. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks. This product uses a rolling release model to deliver continuous updates. As a result, specific version information for affected or updated releases is not available. The patch is named 84d8ec384f669df3985293dab293bb7b477efa64. It is suggested to install a patch to address this issue.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-15 13:47 UTC
CWE
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
jaychouchannel Tourism-Management-System Affected: 229956e20dbd4a80eeff14535e44d3099502af09
    cpe:2.3:a:jaychouchannel:tourism-management-system:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-90513 (GCVE-0-2026-90513)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-13 10:45 – Updated: 2026-09-14 16:24
VLAI
Title
simalexan api-lambda-send-email-ses API Gateway Endpoint template.yml SES.sendEmail missing authentication
Summary
A flaw has been found in simalexan api-lambda-send-email-ses up to bda6869aa81371d1e872242e74fe7d953edb818d. This issue affects the function SES.sendEmail of the file template.yml of the component API Gateway Endpoint. This manipulation of the argument toEmails/ccEmails/replyToEmails/subject/message causes missing authentication. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. This product is using a rolling release to provide continious delivery. Therefore, no version details for affected nor updated releases are available. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-14 16:23 UTC
CWE
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
simalexan api-lambda-send-email-ses Affected: bda6869aa81371d1e872242e74fe7d953edb818d
    cpe:2.3:a:simalexan:api-lambda-send-email-ses:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

Use an authentication framework or library such as the OWASP ESAPI Authentication feature.

CAPEC-114: Authentication Abuse

An attacker obtains unauthorized access to an application, service or device either through knowledge of the inherent weaknesses of an authentication mechanism, or by exploiting a flaw in the authentication scheme's implementation. In such an attack an authentication mechanism is functioning but a carefully controlled sequence of events causes the mechanism to grant access to the attacker.

CAPEC-115: Authentication Bypass

An attacker gains access to application, service, or device with the privileges of an authorized or privileged user by evading or circumventing an authentication mechanism. The attacker is therefore able to access protected data without authentication ever having taken place.

CAPEC-151: Identity Spoofing

Identity Spoofing refers to the action of assuming (i.e., taking on) the identity of some other entity (human or non-human) and then using that identity to accomplish a goal. An adversary may craft messages that appear to come from a different principle or use stolen / spoofed authentication credentials.

CAPEC-194: Fake the Source of Data

An adversary takes advantage of improper authentication to provide data or services under a falsified identity. The purpose of using the falsified identity may be to prevent traceability of the provided data or to assume the rights granted to another individual. One of the simplest forms of this attack would be the creation of an email message with a modified "From" field in order to appear that the message was sent from someone other than the actual sender. The root of the attack (in this case the email system) fails to properly authenticate the source and this results in the reader incorrectly performing the instructed action. Results of the attack vary depending on the details of the attack, but common results include privilege escalation, obfuscation of other attacks, and data corruption/manipulation.

CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client

An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.

CAPEC-57: Utilizing REST's Trust in the System Resource to Obtain Sensitive Data

This attack utilizes a REST(REpresentational State Transfer)-style applications' trust in the system resources and environment to obtain sensitive data once SSL is terminated.

CAPEC-593: Session Hijacking

This type of attack involves an adversary that exploits weaknesses in an application's use of sessions in performing authentication. The adversary is able to steal or manipulate an active session and use it to gain unathorized access to the application.

CAPEC-633: Token Impersonation

An adversary exploits a weakness in authentication to create an access token (or equivalent) that impersonates a different entity, and then associates a process/thread to that that impersonated token. This action causes a downstream user to make a decision or take action that is based on the assumed identity, and not the response that blocks the adversary.

CAPEC-650: Upload a Web Shell to a Web Server

By exploiting insufficient permissions, it is possible to upload a web shell to a web server in such a way that it can be executed remotely. This shell can have various capabilities, thereby acting as a "gateway" to the underlying web server. The shell might execute at the higher permission level of the web server, providing the ability the execute malicious code at elevated levels.

CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)

An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.