Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-176
AllowedImproper Handling of Unicode Encoding
Abstraction: Variant · Status: Draft
The product does not properly handle when an input contains Unicode encoding.
63 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-93990 (GCVE-0-2026-93990)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-19 22:58 – Updated: 2026-09-28 16:11
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Expat before 2.8.5 Malformed UTF-16 Acceptance via Unchecked Surrogate
Summary
Expat before 2.8.5 fails to validate that a high surrogate in UTF-16 input is followed by a low surrogate, allowing malformed UTF-16 sequences to be accepted. Attackers can supply UTF-16 encoded XML containing lone high surrogates that consume the following code unit, causing Expat to pass unpaired surrogates to applications built with XML_UNICODE and to silently replace input characters in other builds.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-21 15:10 UTC
CWE
- CWE-176 - Improper Handling of Unicode Encoding
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/libexpat/libexpat/pull/1282 | issue-trackingpatch |
| https://github.com/libexpat/libexpat/commit/ff6e1… | patch |
| https://github.com/libexpat/libexpat/releases/tag… | release-notes |
| https://blog.hartwork.org/posts/expat-2-8-5-released/ | vendor-advisory |
| https://github.com/libexpat/libexpat | product |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/expat-throug… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-09-18 00:00
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CVE-2026-93751 (GCVE-0-2026-93751)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-18 17:51 – Updated: 2026-09-24 14:23
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
uri-js through 4.4.1 Improper UTF-8 Decoding via pctDecChars
Summary
uri-js through 4.4.1 contains an improper UTF-8 decoding vulnerability in pctDecChars() that decodes invalid and overlong percent-encoded sequences into ASCII metacharacters. Attackers can craft percent-encoded payloads to bypass platform decoder validation and inject path traversal or CRLF sequences that downstream consumers process without filtering.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-21 16:28 UTC
CWE
- CWE-176 - Improper Handling of Unicode Encoding
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/garycourt/uri-js/issues/106 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/garycourt/uri-js | product |
| https://github.com/garycourt/uri-js/blob/a1acf730… | technical-description |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/uri-js-throu… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-09-17 00:00
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CVE-2026-86105 (GCVE-0-2026-86105)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-29 23:05 – Updated: 2026-09-30 15:28
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Fireware OS Improper Authorization in Access Portal Reverse Proxy
Summary
An improper authorization vulnerability in Fireware OS's Access Portal reverse proxy allows an authenticated, low-privileged Access Portal user to access other web applications they are not authorized for by sending a specially crafted request for a different resource which they are authorized to access.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-30 14:39 UTC
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://psirt.watchguard.com/CVE-2026-86105 | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| WatchGuard | Fireware OS |
Affected:
2026.3 , < 2026.3.2
(custom)
Affected: 2025.0 , < 2026.2.3 (custom) Affected: 12.0 , < 12.12.3 (custom) |
|
| WatchGuard | Fireware OS |
Affected:
12.0 , < 12.5.21
(custom)
|
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CVE-2026-81869 (GCVE-0-2026-81869)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-16 20:41 – Updated: 2026-09-17 14:15
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
OpenTelemetry-Go: UTF-8 replacement rune bypasses attribute length truncation
Summary
OpenTelemetry-Go is the Go implementation of OpenTelemetry. From version 1.10.0 until 1.33.0, the sdk/trace/span.go attribute truncation path can fail to enforce AttributeValueLengthLimit for string and string-slice attributes containing the valid Unicode replacement character U+FFFD. safeTruncateValidUTF8 treats the valid replacement rune as invalid UTF-8 and returns the original input, while strings.ToValidUTF8 leaves that valid rune unchanged, so a second safeTruncate attempt can also return the oversized value. An attacker who controls span attribute content can retain values longer than the configured limit, increasing per-span memory use and weakening denial-of-service protection in the instrumented process. This issue is fixed in version 1.33.0.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-17 14:15 UTC
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-g… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-g… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-g… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-g… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-g… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| open-telemetry | opentelemetry-go |
Affected:
>= 1.10.0, < 1.33.0
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CVE-2026-59890 (GCVE-0-2026-59890)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-08 16:02 – Updated: 2026-07-08 16:44
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
setuptools: MANIFEST.in exclusion bypass in sdist via Unicode normalization collision (NFC/NFD) on macOS APFS/HFS+
Summary
setuptools is a package that allows users to download, build, install, upgrade, and uninstall Python packages. Prior to 83.0.0, FileList applied MANIFEST.in exclude, global-exclude, recursive-exclude, and prune directives by matching compiled glob patterns against on-disk file names without Unicode normalization, so on macOS APFS or HFS+ an NFD file name could bypass an NFC exclusion rule and be packed into a source distribution. This issue is fixed in version 83.0.0.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-08 16:44 UTC
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/commit/dd9f436… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/releases/tag/v83.0.0 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| pypa | setuptools |
Affected:
< 83.0.0
|
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CVE-2026-49401 (GCVE-0-2026-49401)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-23 17:22 – Updated: 2026-07-31 13:15
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Deno Permission Bypass via Unicode Normalization Mismatch on macOS (APFS)
Summary
Deno is a JavaScript, TypeScript, and WebAssembly runtime. Prior to 2.7.14, Deno's permission system enforces filesystem and execution restrictions by comparing the requested path against the path supplied to --deny-read, --deny-write, --deny-run, or --deny-ffi. On macOS, that comparison was done at the raw-byte level while the APFS filesystem treats different Unicode spellings of the same name as the same file. That means a program could reach a denied path by spelling it differently than the deny rule. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.7.14.
Severity
7.3 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-23 17:35 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/denoland/deno/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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CVE-2026-48618 (GCVE-0-2026-48618)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-26 01:14 – Updated: 2026-08-10 12:05
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A flaw in Node.js TLS hostname handling can cause Node.js unicode dot separator handling can lead to tls wildcard-depth authentication bypass due to resolver and verifier hostname normalization mismat.
This can lead to confidentiality impact or bypass of the intended security boundary under affected configurations.
This vulnerability affects all supported release lines: **Node.js 22**, **Node.js 24**, and **Node.js 26**.
Severity
7.7 (High)
7.7 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-26 15:10 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
17 references
Impacted products
13 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nodejs | node |
Affected:
22.22.3 , ≤ 22.22.3
(semver)
Affected: 24.16.0 , ≤ 24.16.0 (semver) Affected: 26.3.0 , ≤ 26.3.0 (semver) |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10 |
Unaffected:
1:24.18.0-1.el10_2 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10.2 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10 |
Unaffected:
1:22.23.1-2.el10_2 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10.2 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10.0 Extended Update Support |
Unaffected:
1:22.23.1-2.el10_0 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux_eus:10.0 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 |
Unaffected:
8100020260630152626.6d880403 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 |
Unaffected:
8100020260703140402.6d880403 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 |
Unaffected:
9080020260626074955.rhel9 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 |
Unaffected:
9080020260626075442.rhel9 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Hardened Images |
Unaffected:
22.23.1-1.hum1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:hummingbird:1 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Hardened Images |
Unaffected:
24.18.0-0.1.hum1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:hummingbird:1 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Hardened Images |
Unaffected:
26.4.0-1.2.hum1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:hummingbird:1 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Hardened Images |
Unaffected:
25.9.0-1.1.hum1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:hummingbird:1 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Hardened Images |
Unaffected:
20.20.2-1.hum1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:hummingbird:1 |
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CVE-2026-45135 (GCVE-0-2026-45135)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-23 17:56 – Updated: 2026-06-23 18:30
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Caddy: Unsafe Unicode Handling in FastCGI splitPos Allows Execution of Non-PHP Files
Summary
Caddy is an extensible server platform that uses TLS by default. From 2.7.0 until 2.11.3, the FastCGI transport's splitPos() in modules/caddyhttp/reverseproxy/fastcgi/fastcgi.go misuses golang.org/x/text/search with search.IgnoreCase when the request path contains a non-ASCII byte. Two distinct flaws in that fallback let an attacker mislead Caddy's FastCGI splitting into treating a non-.php (or other configured split_path extension) file as a script. In any deployment where the attacker can place content into a file served via FastCGI (uploads, file storage, etc.), this can be escalated to remote code execution by crafting a URL whose path triggers either flaw. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.11.3.
Severity
8.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-23 18:30 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/caddyserver/caddy/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| caddyserver | caddy |
Affected:
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CVE-2026-45062 (GCVE-0-2026-45062)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-10 17:38 – Updated: 2026-06-11 14:00
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
FrankenPHP: Unsafe Unicode Handling in CGI Path Splitting Allows Execution of Non-PHP Files
Summary
FrankenPHP is a modern application server for PHP. From version 1.11.2 to before version 1.12.3, the splitPos() function in cgi.go misuses golang.org/x/text/search with search.IgnoreCase when the request path contains a non-ASCII byte. Two distinct flaws in that fallback let an attacker mislead FrankenPHP into treating a non-.php file as a .php script. In any deployment where the attacker can place content into a file served by FrankenPHP (uploads, file storage, etc.), this can be escalated to remote code execution by crafting a URL whose path triggers either flaw. This issue has been patched in version 1.12.3.
Severity
8.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-11 14:00 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/php/frankenphp/security/adviso… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/php/frankenphp/releases/tag/v1.12.3 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| php | frankenphp |
Affected:
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CVE-2026-44288 (GCVE-0-2026-44288)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-13 14:37 – Updated: 2026-05-13 18:33
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
protobufjs: Overlong UTF-8 decoding
Summary
protobufjs compiles protobuf definitions into JavaScript (JS) functions. Prior to 7.5.6 and 8.0.2, protobufjs includes a minimal UTF-8 decoder that accepted overlong UTF-8 byte sequences and decoded them to their canonical characters instead of replacing them. An attacker who can provide protobuf binary data decoded through the affected UTF-8 path may be able to bypass application-level checks that inspect raw bytes before protobuf string decoding. For example, bytes that do not contain certain ASCII characters could decode to strings containing those characters. This vulnerability is fixed in 7.5.6 and 8.0.2.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-13 18:33 UTC
CWE
- CWE-176 - Improper Handling of Unicode Encoding
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/protobufjs/protobuf.js/securit… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| protobufjs | protobuf.js |
Affected:
< 7.5.6
Affected: >= 8.0.0, < 8.0.2 |
{
"containers": {
"adp": [
{
"metrics": [
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"other": {
"content": {
"id": "CVE-2026-44288",
"options": [
{
"Exploitation": "none"
},
{
"Automatable": "yes"
},
{
"Technical Impact": "partial"
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],
"role": "CISA Coordinator",
"timestamp": "2026-05-13T18:33:40.802819Z",
"version": "2.0.3"
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"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-05-13T18:33:51.296Z",
"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"shortName": "CISA-ADP"
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"title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
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"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"product": "protobuf.js",
"vendor": "protobufjs",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "\u003c 7.5.6"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "\u003e= 8.0.0, \u003c 8.0.2"
}
]
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "protobufjs compiles protobuf definitions into JavaScript (JS) functions. Prior to 7.5.6 and 8.0.2, protobufjs includes a minimal UTF-8 decoder that accepted overlong UTF-8 byte sequences and decoded them to their canonical characters instead of replacing them. An attacker who can provide protobuf binary data decoded through the affected UTF-8 path may be able to bypass application-level checks that inspect raw bytes before protobuf string decoding. For example, bytes that do not contain certain ASCII characters could decode to strings containing those characters. This vulnerability is fixed in 7.5.6 and 8.0.2."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "NONE",
"baseScore": 5.3,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"integrityImpact": "LOW",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"version": "3.1"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-176",
"description": "CWE-176: Improper Handling of Unicode Encoding",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
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"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-05-13T14:37:26.624Z",
"orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"shortName": "GitHub_M"
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"references": [
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"name": "https://github.com/protobufjs/protobuf.js/security/advisories/GHSA-q6x5-8v7m-xcrf",
"tags": [
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],
"url": "https://github.com/protobufjs/protobuf.js/security/advisories/GHSA-q6x5-8v7m-xcrf"
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],
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-q6x5-8v7m-xcrf",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "protobufjs: Overlong UTF-8 decoding"
}
},
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"assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-44288",
"datePublished": "2026-05-13T14:37:26.624Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-05-05T17:39:31.112Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-05-13T18:33:51.296Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
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"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
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Mitigation MIT-44
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Input Validation
Avoid making decisions based on names of resources (e.g. files) if those resources can have alternate names.
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation MIT-20
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
CAPEC-71: Using Unicode Encoding to Bypass Validation Logic
An attacker may provide a Unicode string to a system component that is not Unicode aware and use that to circumvent the filter or cause the classifying mechanism to fail to properly understanding the request. That may allow the attacker to slip malicious data past the content filter and/or possibly cause the application to route the request incorrectly.