Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-22
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable
The product uses external input to construct a pathname that is intended to identify a file or directory that is located underneath a restricted parent directory, but the product does not properly neutralize special elements within the pathname that can cause the pathname to resolve to a location that is outside of the restricted directory.
14907 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-104286 (GCVE-0-2026-104286)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-01 19:17 – Updated: 2026-10-02 03:55
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
An improper limitation of a pathname to a restricted directory ('path traversal') vulnerability in Fortinet FortiMail 8.0.0 through 8.0.1, FortiMail 7.6.0 through 7.6.6, FortiMail 7.4.0 through 7.4.8, FortiMail 7.2.0 through 7.2.9 may allow an unauthenticated attacker to write arbitrary files on the underlying system via crafted HTTP or HTTPS requests.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: active
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-01 00:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Execute unauthorized code or commands
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://fortiguard.fortinet.com/psirt/FG-IR-26-175 | |
| https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilit… | government-resource |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fortinet | FortiMail |
Affected:
8.0.0
Affected: 7.6.0 , ≤ 7.6.5 (semver) Affected: 7.4.0 , ≤ 7.4.6 (semver) Affected: 7.2.0 , ≤ 7.2.9 (semver) Affected: 7.0.0 , ≤ 7.0.9 (semver) cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:8.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.6.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.6.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.6.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.6.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.6.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.4.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.4.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.4.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.4.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.4.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.4.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.4.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.2.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.2.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.2.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.2.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.2.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.2.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.2.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.2.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.2.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.0.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.0.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.0.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.0.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.0.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.0.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.0.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimail:7.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-103884 (GCVE-0-2026-103884)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-01 17:16 – Updated: 2026-10-01 18:02
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Keycloak-services: keycloak-services: path traversal in x.509 crl distribution point allows arbitrary local file read
Summary
A flaw was found in the X.509 client certificate authenticator of Keycloak. When CRL Distribution Point checking is enabled, the server fails to properly validate the file paths provided in a client certificate. An attacker can provide a specially crafted certificate that causes the server to attempt to read sensitive files from the local system or exhaust memory by loading extremely large files, potentially leading to information disclosure or a system crash.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-01 18:02 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-103884 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Build of Keycloak |
cpe:/a:redhat:build_keycloak:
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Single Sign-On 7 |
cpe:/a:redhat:red_hat_single_sign_on:7
|
Date Public
2026-09-30 13:25
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CVE-2026-103754 (GCVE-0-2026-103754)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-01 11:57 – Updated: 2026-10-01 17:16
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Ansible-runner: ansible-runner: path traversal and symlink escape in unstream_dir() allows file write outside the target directory
Summary
A flaw was found in ansible-runner. The unstream_dir() function, which receives and extracts a streamed zip archive on the worker side of the ansible-runner transmit/worker protocol, re-creates symbolic links from archive content without validating the link target and applies chmod() and utime() to an unsanitized filesystem path derived from the archive member name. A crafted archive processed by a worker that consumes attacker-influenced input can create files, create symbolic links, or change permissions outside the intended target directory, which can be leveraged toward code execution.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-01 13:20 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-103754 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2544510 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://github.com/ansible/ansible-runner/pull/1550 |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2 |
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2
|
Date Public
2026-09-11 00:00
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CVE-2026-103533 (GCVE-0-2026-103533)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-01 02:45 – Updated: 2026-10-01 14:20
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
David-Crty databasement database-servers API Endpoint RestoreRequest.php 511 path traversal
Summary
A vulnerability was found in David-Crty databasement up to 1.7.1. This impacts the function https:/github.com/David-Crty/databasement/pull/511 of the file app/Http/Requests/Api/V1/RestoreRequest.php of the component database-servers API Endpoint. The manipulation of the argument schema_name results in path traversal. The attack may be launched remotely. A high complexity level is associated with this attack. The exploitability is said to be difficult. The exploit has been made public and could be used. Upgrading to version 1.7.2 will fix this issue. You should upgrade the affected component.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-01 14:20 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Path Traversal
Assigner
References
8 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/412345 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/412345/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-103533 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/957817 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/David-Crty/databasement/securi… | exploit |
| https://github.com/David-Crty/databasement/pull/511 | issue-trackingpatch |
| https://github.com/David-Crty/databasement/releas… | patch |
| https://github.com/David-Crty/databasement/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| David-Crty | databasement |
Affected:
1.7.0
Affected: 1.7.1 Unaffected: 1.7.2 cpe:2.3:a:david-crty:databasement:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-103257 (GCVE-0-2026-103257)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-01 10:42 – Updated: 2026-10-01 14:53
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
n8n before 1.123.80, 2.39.6, and 2.40.1 Path Traversal via n8n Node
Summary
n8n versions before 1.123.80, from 2.0.0 before 2.39.6, and from 2.40.0 before 2.40.1 contain a path traversal vulnerability in the n8n node that fails to validate resource identifiers. Attackers can craft malicious resource IDs to redirect API calls to unintended resources, allowing unauthorized access to workflows, executions, and credential secrets within the API key's scope.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-01 14:53 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/security/advisories… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/n8n-before-1… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-09-16 00:00
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CVE-2026-103254 (GCVE-0-2026-103254)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-01 10:41 – Updated: 2026-10-01 10:41
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
n8n before 1.123.80, 2.39.6, and 2.40.1 Path Traversal via Resume URL Generation
Summary
n8n versions before 1.123.80, from 2.0.0 before 2.39.6, and from 2.40.0 before 2.40.1 contain a path traversal vulnerability in signed resume URL generation for Send-and-Wait approvals. Attackers with workflow creation permissions can mint valid approval URLs for gates in projects they cannot access by exploiting unresolved traversal sequences in caller-controlled node IDs, enabling cross-project approval forgery.
Severity
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/security/advisories… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/n8n-before-1… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-09-16 00:00
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CVE-2026-102991 (GCVE-0-2026-102991)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-30 19:47 – Updated: 2026-09-30 19:54
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Mako: Path traversal via drive-letter URI on Windows in TemplateLookup
Summary
Mako is a template library written in Python. Prior to 1.4.2, on Windows, TemplateLookup.get_template() in mako/lookup.py resolves template URIs with posixpath, while Template.__init__() in mako/template.py validates them with os.path, which uses ntpath. A URI beginning with a drive designator causes ntpath to absorb the traversal segments before the leading dot-dot check, while posixpath resolution can escape the configured template directory. An application that passes attacker-controlled template names or include paths can disclose process-readable files on the same volume, and a targeted file containing Mako template syntax may also be parsed and executed as a template. Raw URL paths are generally normalized before reaching this form, but query strings, form or JSON bodies, route parameters, and dynamic include expressions can preserve it. This issue is fixed in version 1.4.2.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-30 19:54 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/sqlalchemy/mako/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/sqlalchemy/mako/issues/441 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/sqlalchemy/mako/commit/000ed85… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/sqlalchemy/mako/releases/tag/r… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| sqlalchemy | mako |
Affected:
< 1.4.2
|
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CVE-2026-102875 (GCVE-0-2026-102875)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-29 20:01 – Updated: 2026-09-30 13:50
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
VLC media player before 3.0.24 Path Traversal via skins2
Summary
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Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-30 13:50 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://code.videolan.org/videolan/vlc/-/commit/5… | patch |
| https://code.videolan.org/videolan/vlc/-/commit/8… | patch |
| https://code.videolan.org/videolan/vlc/-/blob/3.0… | technical-description |
| https://code.videolan.org/videolan/vlc | product |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/vlc-media-pl… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-09-17 00:00
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CVE-2026-102843 (GCVE-0-2026-102843)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-30 01:00 – Updated: 2026-09-30 01:00
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
gedelumbung HospitalManagement Endpoint data_galeri.php hapus path traversal
Summary
A security flaw has been discovered in gedelumbung HospitalManagement up to c2d45543789a3887067d3915f69d44cfc2cf76a8. This affects the function hapus of the file application/modules/admin/controllers/data_galeri.php of the component Endpoint. Performing a manipulation of the argument gbr results in path traversal. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks. Continious delivery with rolling releases is used by this product. Therefore, no version details of affected nor updated releases are available. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.
Severity
CWE
- CWE-22 - Path Traversal
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/411502 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/411502/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-102843 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/946239 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/gedelumbung/HospitalManagement… | exploitissue-tracking |
| https://github.com/gedelumbung/HospitalManagement/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| gedelumbung | HospitalManagement |
Affected:
c2d45543789a3887067d3915f69d44cfc2cf76a8
cpe:2.3:a:gedelumbung:hospitalmanagement:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-102810 (GCVE-0-2026-102810)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-29 17:22 – Updated: 2026-09-29 19:57
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Marmite through 0.4.2 Path Traversal via Development Server
Summary
Marmite through 0.4.2 contains a path traversal vulnerability in the development server started by --serve that allows unauthenticated attackers to read arbitrary files. The handle_request function in src/server.rs fails to reject .. segments after percent-decoding and joining the request path to the output folder, enabling attackers to request encoded traversal sequences to access files readable by the marmite process.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-29 19:57 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/rochacbruno/marmite/issues/554 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/rochacbruno/marmite/blob/4b2dd… | technical-description |
| https://github.com/rochacbruno/marmite/commit/303… | mitigationpatch |
| https://github.com/rochacbruno/marmite | product |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/marmite-thro… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| rochacbruno | marmite |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 0.4.2
(semver)
|
Date Public
2026-09-29 00:00
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"baseScore": 8.7,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
"subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"version": "4.0",
"vulnAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
"vulnConfidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE"
},
"format": "CVSS"
},
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "NONE",
"baseScore": 7.5,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"integrityImpact": "NONE",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
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"problemTypes": [
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"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-22",
"description": "Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory (\u0027Path Traversal\u0027)",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
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"orgId": "83251b91-4cc7-4094-a5c7-464a1b83ea10",
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"references": [
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"name": "GitHub Issue #554",
"tags": [
"issue-tracking"
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"url": "https://github.com/rochacbruno/marmite/issues/554"
},
{
"tags": [
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"url": "https://github.com/rochacbruno/marmite/blob/4b2ddbd7595233b2e1d0086e18490fec49705098/src/server.rs#L180-L315"
},
{
"tags": [
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"url": "https://github.com/rochacbruno/marmite/commit/303a0bf2fff4302f4164c0c39932fdffc6683ad4"
},
{
"tags": [
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"url": "https://github.com/rochacbruno/marmite"
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{
"name": "VulnCheck Advisory: Marmite through 0.4.2 Path Traversal via Development Server",
"tags": [
"third-party-advisory"
],
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/marmite-through-0.4.2-path-traversal-via-development-server"
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],
"title": "Marmite through 0.4.2 Path Traversal via Development Server",
"x_generator": {
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},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "83251b91-4cc7-4094-a5c7-464a1b83ea10",
"assignerShortName": "VulnCheck",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-102810",
"datePublished": "2026-09-29T17:22:42.757Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-09-29T17:11:36.468Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-09-29T19:57:40.113Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
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Mitigation MIT-5.1
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When validating filenames, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set to be used. If feasible, only allow a single "." character in the filename to avoid weaknesses such as CWE-23, and exclude directory separators such as "/" to avoid CWE-36. Use a list of allowable file extensions, which will help to avoid CWE-434.
- Do not rely exclusively on a filtering mechanism that removes potentially dangerous characters. This is equivalent to a denylist, which may be incomplete (CWE-184). For example, filtering "/" is insufficient protection if the filesystem also supports the use of "\" as a directory separator. Another possible error could occur when the filtering is applied in a way that still produces dangerous data (CWE-182). For example, if "../" sequences are removed from the ".../...//" string in a sequential fashion, two instances of "../" would be removed from the original string, but the remaining characters would still form the "../" string.
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation MIT-20.1
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
- Use a built-in path canonicalization function (such as realpath() in C) that produces the canonical version of the pathname, which effectively removes ".." sequences and symbolic links (CWE-23, CWE-59). This includes:
- realpath() in C
- getCanonicalPath() in Java
- GetFullPath() in ASP.NET
- realpath() or abs_path() in Perl
- realpath() in PHP
Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
Mitigation MIT-29
Operation
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Mitigation MIT-17
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-21.1
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "inbox.txt" and ID 2 could map to "profile.txt". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-185] provide this capability.
Mitigation MIT-22
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-34
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Store library, include, and utility files outside of the web document root, if possible. Otherwise, store them in a separate directory and use the web server's access control capabilities to prevent attackers from directly requesting them. One common practice is to define a fixed constant in each calling program, then check for the existence of the constant in the library/include file; if the constant does not exist, then the file was directly requested, and it can exit immediately.
- This significantly reduces the chance of an attacker being able to bypass any protection mechanisms that are in the base program but not in the include files. It will also reduce the attack surface.
Mitigation MIT-39
Implementation
- Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
- If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
- Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
- In the context of path traversal, error messages which disclose path information can help attackers craft the appropriate attack strings to move through the file system hierarchy.
Mitigation MIT-16
Operation
Implementation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.
CAPEC-126: Path Traversal
An adversary uses path manipulation methods to exploit insufficient input validation of a target to obtain access to data that should be not be retrievable by ordinary well-formed requests. A typical variety of this attack involves specifying a path to a desired file together with dot-dot-slash characters, resulting in the file access API or function traversing out of the intended directory structure and into the root file system. By replacing or modifying the expected path information the access function or API retrieves the file desired by the attacker. These attacks either involve the attacker providing a complete path to a targeted file or using control characters (e.g. path separators (/ or \) and/or dots (.)) to reach desired directories or files.
CAPEC-64: Using Slashes and URL Encoding Combined to Bypass Validation Logic
This attack targets the encoding of the URL combined with the encoding of the slash characters. An attacker can take advantage of the multiple ways of encoding a URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL. A URL may contain special character that need special syntax handling in order to be interpreted. Special characters are represented using a percentage character followed by two digits representing the octet code of the original character (%HEX-CODE). For instance US-ASCII space character would be represented with %20. This is often referred as escaped ending or percent-encoding. Since the server decodes the URL from the requests, it may restrict the access to some URL paths by validating and filtering out the URL requests it received. An attacker will try to craft an URL with a sequence of special characters which once interpreted by the server will be equivalent to a forbidden URL. It can be difficult to protect against this attack since the URL can contain other format of encoding such as UTF-8 encoding, Unicode-encoding, etc.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.
CAPEC-78: Using Escaped Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the use of the backslash in alternate encoding. An adversary can provide a backslash as a leading character and causes a parser to believe that the next character is special. This is called an escape. By using that trick, the adversary tries to exploit alternate ways to encode the same character which leads to filter problems and opens avenues to attack.
CAPEC-79: Using Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the encoding of the Slash characters. An adversary would try to exploit common filtering problems related to the use of the slashes characters to gain access to resources on the target host. Directory-driven systems, such as file systems and databases, typically use the slash character to indicate traversal between directories or other container components. For murky historical reasons, PCs (and, as a result, Microsoft OSs) choose to use a backslash, whereas the UNIX world typically makes use of the forward slash. The schizophrenic result is that many MS-based systems are required to understand both forms of the slash. This gives the adversary many opportunities to discover and abuse a number of common filtering problems. The goal of this pattern is to discover server software that only applies filters to one version, but not the other.