Vulnerability-Lookup

GHSA-2V2P-6J97-CJG9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-10-05 23:19 – Updated: 2026-10-05 23:19

Summary

vm2: Host Promise rejection from an exposed constructor can terminate the vm2 host process

Details

Summary

An untrusted script run by VM.run can construct an embedder-exposed host function that returns a rejected native Promise and ignore the result. The sandbox-to-host construct trap forwards that Promise without applying the host-side rejection handling already used by the neighboring apply trap, so Node's strict unhandled-rejection policy terminates the host process.

Technical Details

The precondition is an application-supplied constructable host function in the VM sandbox whose constructor body returns a native rejected Promise. In JavaScript, an object explicitly returned by a constructor replaces the newly allocated instance, so new HostReject() produces that Promise.

VM.run executes the attacker-controlled source. For an ordinary host-function call, BaseHandler.apply invokes the host function, calls markHostPromiseHandled(ret), and then wraps the result. The adjacent BaseHandler.construct path instead calls Reflect.construct and returns thisFromOtherWithFactory(...) without calling the same sanitizer. The rejected host Promise therefore crosses the bridge still unhandled. With Node's strict unhandled-rejection behavior, the rejection is promoted to an uncaught exception and kills the host process.

The shortest path is VM.run → the sandbox bridge → BaseHandler.construct. The control changes only the guest expression: it attaches .catch(function () {}) to the constructed Promise before ignoring it. The host function, VM configuration, rejection, and Node policy remain the same, and the control process survives.

This is unintended because the repository's GHSA-gjq8 hardening explicitly marks host Promises handled at the apply boundary, while no equivalent handling exists in the adjacent construct return path. The construct path is a distinct boundary and fix surface, not a second invocation of the already-fixed apply path.

PoV

Save the following as construct-promise-poc.js:

'use strict';

const { VM } = require(process.cwd() + '/lib/main.js');

function HostReject() {
  return Promise.reject(new Error('constructed-host-boom'));
}

const mode = process.argv[2];
const vm = new VM({ sandbox: { HostReject } });

if (mode === 'vulnerable') {
  console.log('VULNERABLE_STARTED');
  vm.run('new HostReject(); 1');
  setTimeout(() => console.log('ALIVE'), 300);
} else if (mode === 'control') {
  vm.run('new HostReject().catch(function () {}); 1');
  setTimeout(() => console.log('CONTROL_ALIVE'), 300);
} else {
  throw new Error('usage: node construct-promise-poc.js vulnerable|control');
}

PoC

Check out vm2 revision 91034466bfb7f56b95fd48083ec6ca36d058f164, install its declared dependencies with npm ci --ignore-scripts, and save construct-promise-poc.js in that checkout's module root (the directory containing package.json and lib/). Run the script and both commands below from that same module-root directory. The script resolves lib/main.js from the current directory, so the test uses the checked-out vm2 source.

Tested with vm2 3.11.8 at that revision on Node.js v26.8.1, with NODE_OPTIONS=--unhandled-rejections=strict. The abort flag makes the process crash signal explicit:

NODE_OPTIONS=--unhandled-rejections=strict node --abort-on-uncaught-exception construct-promise-poc.js vulnerable

Abridged vulnerable output:

VULNERABLE_STARTED
Error: constructed-host-boom
    at VM2 Wrapper.construct (.../lib/bridge.js:2340:11)
    at VM.run (.../lib/vm.js:613:16)

The process exits before printing ALIVE (exit status 139 in the tested execution). The stack paths are environment-dependent; the construct and VM.run frames identify the relevant target functions.

The otherwise identical control is:

NODE_OPTIONS=--unhandled-rejections=strict node --abort-on-uncaught-exception construct-promise-poc.js control

Control output:

CONTROL_ALIVE

The control exits successfully. The crash is a process-level availability failure, not a guest exception caught and returned by VM.run.

Impact

An attacker who can submit JavaScript to a VM and who receives a constructable Promise-returning host API can terminate the Node.js process hosting the sandbox with one expression. This can take down a plugin worker, notebook kernel, queue consumer, or multi-tenant execution worker serving other users. The exploit does not require filesystem access, a Node builtin, nested VMs, or host compromise. It requires the embedder to expose the host constructor and the host to use strict unhandled-rejection handling.

The impact is host availability only; this report does not claim confidentiality or integrity impact. The typed classification is CWE-248 (Uncaught Exception) and CWE-703 (Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions), with CVSS 3.1 AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H (8.6, High) for a deployment that accepts untrusted code over a network boundary.

Suggested Fix

Restore the bridge invariant that every host-native Promise crossing into the sandbox is marked handled before it can be ignored. In BaseHandler.construct, add the same markHostPromiseHandled(ret) call used by BaseHandler.apply, after the host result is produced and before it is converted and returned:

stripDangerousSymbolsFromHostResult(ret);
markHostPromiseHandled(ret);
return thisFromOtherWithFactory(getHandlerFactory(this), ret, thisFromOther(object));

The call should attach the benign host-side rejection reaction without changing the Promise value or preventing sandbox code that later attaches .catch() or .then(..., onRejected) from observing the rejection. Regression tests should cover an ignored rejected Promise returned through new, the caught control, ordinary non-Promise constructor returns, and the existing apply-path behavior.

Affected Package/Versions

Package: vm2 (npm).
Confirmed vulnerable: 3.11.8, including revision 91034466bfb7f56b95fd48083ec6ca36d058f164.
The exact tested affected range is 3.11.8; no broader version range is inferred from this test.

Advisory History

The public GHSA-gjq8-xm47-88rc advisory describes host-returned Promise rejection termination and records 3.11.8 as its patched version. Its fix and reproduction cover a host function invoked through the bridge apply route. This report uses the distinct construct route reached by new, where the tested 3.11.8 source still omits markHostPromiseHandled(ret). A fix for apply does not automatically fix this adjacent return path.

The checked related public history includes GHSA-hw58-p9xv-2mjh, the earlier sandbox-Promise constructor issue. GHSA-hw58 concerns an error raised by a Promise executor for a Promise created inside the sandbox; it is the sandbox-native localPromise/executor path, not GHSA-gjq8's host-returned Promise through BaseHandler.apply and not this host-constructor result through BaseHandler.construct.

The checked search also found PR #421, “Handle errors thrown in async functions”. That is a separate async-error history item concerning errors from async functions and timer callbacks, with general unhandled-rejection handling, rather than a host Promise returned through the GHSA-gjq8 apply boundary or a Promise returned by an exposed constructor through this construct trap.

The bound prior local report, titled “NodeVM crypto sanitizer exposes process-wide crypto.setFips,” covers a different root cause: an allowlisted crypto builtin exposes setFips, allowing guest code to mutate host-wide cryptographic state. Its boundary and fix surface are builtin sanitization and process-state mutation, not host-Promise rejection handling; it therefore differs from both the GHSA-gjq8 apply route and this BaseHandler.construct route. No prior report covering this construct-trap root cause was found.

Severity

8.6 (High)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H

8.9 (High)


                  
                    CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H

Show details on source website

JSON

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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 3.12.1"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "vm2"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.12.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-100722"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-248",
      "CWE-703"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-10-05T23:19:55Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\n\nAn untrusted script run by `VM.run` can construct an embedder-exposed host function that returns a rejected native Promise and ignore the result. The sandbox-to-host `construct` trap forwards that Promise without applying the host-side rejection handling already used by the neighboring `apply` trap, so Node\u0027s strict unhandled-rejection policy terminates the host process.\n\n## Technical Details\n\nThe precondition is an application-supplied constructable host function in the VM sandbox whose constructor body returns a native rejected Promise. In JavaScript, an object explicitly returned by a constructor replaces the newly allocated instance, so `new HostReject()` produces that Promise.\n\n`VM.run` executes the attacker-controlled source. For an ordinary host-function call, `BaseHandler.apply` invokes the host function, calls `markHostPromiseHandled(ret)`, and then wraps the result. The adjacent `BaseHandler.construct` path instead calls `Reflect.construct` and returns `thisFromOtherWithFactory(...)` without calling the same sanitizer. The rejected host Promise therefore crosses the bridge still unhandled. With Node\u0027s strict unhandled-rejection behavior, the rejection is promoted to an uncaught exception and kills the host process.\n\nThe shortest path is `VM.run` \u2192 the sandbox bridge \u2192 `BaseHandler.construct`. The control changes only the guest expression: it attaches `.catch(function () {})` to the constructed Promise before ignoring it. The host function, VM configuration, rejection, and Node policy remain the same, and the control process survives.\n\nThis is unintended because the repository\u0027s GHSA-gjq8 hardening explicitly marks host Promises handled at the apply boundary, while no equivalent handling exists in the adjacent construct return path. The construct path is a distinct boundary and fix surface, not a second invocation of the already-fixed apply path.\n\n## PoV\n\nSave the following as `construct-promise-poc.js`:\n\n```js\n\u0027use strict\u0027;\n\nconst { VM } = require(process.cwd() + \u0027/lib/main.js\u0027);\n\nfunction HostReject() {\n  return Promise.reject(new Error(\u0027constructed-host-boom\u0027));\n}\n\nconst mode = process.argv[2];\nconst vm = new VM({ sandbox: { HostReject } });\n\nif (mode === \u0027vulnerable\u0027) {\n  console.log(\u0027VULNERABLE_STARTED\u0027);\n  vm.run(\u0027new HostReject(); 1\u0027);\n  setTimeout(() =\u003e console.log(\u0027ALIVE\u0027), 300);\n} else if (mode === \u0027control\u0027) {\n  vm.run(\u0027new HostReject().catch(function () {}); 1\u0027);\n  setTimeout(() =\u003e console.log(\u0027CONTROL_ALIVE\u0027), 300);\n} else {\n  throw new Error(\u0027usage: node construct-promise-poc.js vulnerable|control\u0027);\n}\n```\n\n## PoC\n\nCheck out vm2 revision `91034466bfb7f56b95fd48083ec6ca36d058f164`, install its declared dependencies with `npm ci --ignore-scripts`, and save `construct-promise-poc.js` in that checkout\u0027s module root (the directory containing `package.json` and `lib/`). Run the script and both commands below from that same module-root directory. The script resolves `lib/main.js` from the current directory, so the test uses the checked-out vm2 source.\n\nTested with vm2 `3.11.8` at that revision on Node.js `v26.8.1`, with `NODE_OPTIONS=--unhandled-rejections=strict`. The abort flag makes the process crash signal explicit:\n\n```text\nNODE_OPTIONS=--unhandled-rejections=strict node --abort-on-uncaught-exception construct-promise-poc.js vulnerable\n```\n\nAbridged vulnerable output:\n\n```text\nVULNERABLE_STARTED\nError: constructed-host-boom\n    at VM2 Wrapper.construct (.../lib/bridge.js:2340:11)\n    at VM.run (.../lib/vm.js:613:16)\n```\n\nThe process exits before printing `ALIVE` (exit status 139 in the tested execution). The stack paths are environment-dependent; the `construct` and `VM.run` frames identify the relevant target functions.\n\nThe otherwise identical control is:\n\n```text\nNODE_OPTIONS=--unhandled-rejections=strict node --abort-on-uncaught-exception construct-promise-poc.js control\n```\n\nControl output:\n\n```text\nCONTROL_ALIVE\n```\n\nThe control exits successfully. The crash is a process-level availability failure, not a guest exception caught and returned by `VM.run`.\n\n## Impact\n\nAn attacker who can submit JavaScript to a VM and who receives a constructable Promise-returning host API can terminate the Node.js process hosting the sandbox with one expression. This can take down a plugin worker, notebook kernel, queue consumer, or multi-tenant execution worker serving other users. The exploit does not require filesystem access, a Node builtin, nested VMs, or host compromise. It requires the embedder to expose the host constructor and the host to use strict unhandled-rejection handling.\n\nThe impact is host availability only; this report does not claim confidentiality or integrity impact. The typed classification is CWE-248 (Uncaught Exception) and CWE-703 (Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions), with CVSS 3.1 `AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H` (8.6, High) for a deployment that accepts untrusted code over a network boundary.\n\n## Suggested Fix\n\nRestore the bridge invariant that every host-native Promise crossing into the sandbox is marked handled before it can be ignored. In `BaseHandler.construct`, add the same `markHostPromiseHandled(ret)` call used by `BaseHandler.apply`, after the host result is produced and before it is converted and returned:\n\n```js\nstripDangerousSymbolsFromHostResult(ret);\nmarkHostPromiseHandled(ret);\nreturn thisFromOtherWithFactory(getHandlerFactory(this), ret, thisFromOther(object));\n```\n\nThe call should attach the benign host-side rejection reaction without changing the Promise value or preventing sandbox code that later attaches `.catch()` or `.then(..., onRejected)` from observing the rejection. Regression tests should cover an ignored rejected Promise returned through `new`, the caught control, ordinary non-Promise constructor returns, and the existing apply-path behavior.\n\n## Affected Package/Versions\n\n- Package: `vm2` (npm).\n- Confirmed vulnerable: `3.11.8`, including revision `91034466bfb7f56b95fd48083ec6ca36d058f164`.\n- The exact tested affected range is `3.11.8`; no broader version range is inferred from this test.\n\n## Advisory History\n\nThe public [GHSA-gjq8-xm47-88rc advisory](https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/security/advisories/GHSA-gjq8-xm47-88rc) describes host-returned Promise rejection termination and records `3.11.8` as its patched version. Its fix and reproduction cover a host function invoked through the bridge `apply` route. This report uses the distinct `construct` route reached by `new`, where the tested `3.11.8` source still omits `markHostPromiseHandled(ret)`. A fix for `apply` does not automatically fix this adjacent return path.\n\nThe checked related public history includes [GHSA-hw58-p9xv-2mjh](https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/security/advisories/GHSA-hw58-p9xv-2mjh), the earlier sandbox-Promise constructor issue. GHSA-hw58 concerns an error raised by a Promise executor for a Promise created inside the sandbox; it is the sandbox-native `localPromise`/executor path, not GHSA-gjq8\u0027s host-returned Promise through `BaseHandler.apply` and not this host-constructor result through `BaseHandler.construct`.\n\nThe checked search also found [PR #421, \u201cHandle errors thrown in async functions\u201d](https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/pull/421). That is a separate async-error history item concerning errors from async functions and timer callbacks, with general unhandled-rejection handling, rather than a host Promise returned through the GHSA-gjq8 `apply` boundary or a Promise returned by an exposed constructor through this `construct` trap.\n\nThe bound prior local report, titled \u201cNodeVM crypto sanitizer exposes process-wide crypto.setFips,\u201d covers a different root cause: an allowlisted `crypto` builtin exposes `setFips`, allowing guest code to mutate host-wide cryptographic state. Its boundary and fix surface are builtin sanitization and process-state mutation, not host-Promise rejection handling; it therefore differs from both the GHSA-gjq8 `apply` route and this `BaseHandler.construct` route. No prior report covering this construct-trap root cause was found.",
  "id": "GHSA-2v2p-6j97-cjg9",
  "modified": "2026-10-05T23:19:55Z",
  "published": "2026-10-05T23:19:55Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/security/advisories/GHSA-2v2p-6j97-cjg9"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-100722"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/commit/6e487df9518e455e5e60faec3df3a0e2e27f9940"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/releases/tag/v3.12.2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/vm2-before-3.12.2-host-process-termination-via-construct-trap"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "vm2: Host Promise rejection from an exposed constructor can terminate the vm2 host process"
}

CVE-2026-100722 (GCVE-0-2026-100722)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-27 01:28 – Updated: 2026-09-28 13:51

Title

vm2 before 3.12.2 Host Process Termination via Construct Trap

Summary

vm2 before 3.12.2 does not apply host-side Promise rejection handling in the sandbox-to-host construct trap. In BaseHandler, the apply trap calls markHostPromiseHandled() on the returned value, but the adjacent construct path returns the result of Reflect.construct without the same sanitization. If an embedder exposes a constructable host function whose constructor returns a native rejected Promise, an untrusted script executed via VM.run can invoke it with `new` and ignore the result; the rejected host Promise crosses the bridge unhandled and, under Node's strict unhandled-rejection policy, is promoted to an uncaught exception that terminates the host process.

Severity

8.9 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H

6.8 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-09-28 13:51 UTC

CWE

CWE-248 - Uncaught Exception

Assigner

VulnCheck mitre root Scorecard

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/security/advis…	vendor-advisory
https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/vm2-before-3…	third-party-advisory

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
patriksimek	vm2	Affected: 0 , < 3.12.2 (semver) Unaffected: 3.12.2 (semver)

Date Public

2026-09-08 00:00

Credits

rexpository

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
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            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-100722",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "poc"
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                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-09-28T13:51:25.270432Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
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      }
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    "cna": {
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      "metrics": [
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          "cvssV4_0": {
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  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
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}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date	Other

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.

Related by attack behaviour

Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.

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GHSA-2V2P-6J97-CJG9

Summary

Technical Details

PoV

PoC

Impact

Suggested Fix

Affected Package/Versions

Advisory History

CVE-2026-100722 (GCVE-0-2026-100722)

Tags

Sightings

Nomenclature

Related by attack behaviour