Vulnerability-Lookup

CVE-2025-62610 (GCVE-0-2025-62610)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-22 19:24 – Updated: 2025-10-23 17:31

Title

Hono Improperly Authorizes JWT Audience Validation

Summary

Hono is a Web application framework that provides support for any JavaScript runtime. In versions from 1.1.0 to before 4.10.2, Hono’s JWT Auth Middleware does not provide a built-in aud (Audience) verification option, which can cause confused-deputy / token-mix-up issues: an API may accept a valid token that was issued for a different audience (e.g., another service) when multiple services share the same issuer/keys. This can lead to unintended cross-service access. Hono’s docs list verification options for iss/nbf/iat/exp only, with no aud support; RFC 7519 requires that when an aud claim is present, tokens MUST be rejected unless the processing party identifies itself in that claim. This issue has been patched in version 4.10.2.

Severity

8.1 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2025-10-23 17:31 UTC

CWE

CWE-285 - Improper Authorization

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root Scorecard

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/honojs/hono/security/advisorie…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/honojs/hono/commit/45ba3bf9e3d…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
honojs	hono	Affected: >= 1.1.0, < 4.10.2

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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EUVD-2026-256733

European Vulnerability Database identifier assigned by ENISA

Reserved

2026-10-02 06:58

Assigner

ENISA

Alias of

a CVE record, shown under related vulnerabilities. This identifier carries no description, severity or references of its own: they belong to that CVE.

JSON

To clipboard

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  "assigner": "ENISA",
  "date_reserved": "2026-10-02T06:58:46.804505+00:00",
  "id": "EUVD-2026-256733"
}

FKIE_CVE-2025-62610

Vulnerability from fkie_nvd - Published: 2025-10-22 20:15 - Updated: 2026-10-08 11:10

Severity

8.1 (High) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N

Summary

References

	URL	Tags
	security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/honojs/hono/commit/45ba3bf9e3dff8e4bd85d6b47d4b71c8d6c66bef	Patch
	security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/honojs/hono/security/advisories/GHSA-m732-5p4w-x69g	Exploit, Mitigation, Vendor Advisory

Impacted products

	Vendor	Product	Version
	hono	hono	*

JSON

To clipboard

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GHSA-M732-5P4W-X69G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-22 15:21 – Updated: 2025-10-23 17:38

Summary

Hono Improper Authorization vulnerability

Details

Improper Authorization in Hono (JWT Audience Validation)

Hono’s JWT authentication middleware did not validate the aud (Audience) claim by default. As a result, applications using the middleware without an explicit audience check could accept tokens intended for other audiences, leading to potential cross-service access (token mix-up).

The issue is addressed by adding a new verification.aud configuration option to allow RFC 7519–compliant audience validation. This change is classified as a security hardening improvement, but the lack of validation can still be considered a vulnerability in deployments that rely on default JWT verification.

Recommended secure configuration

You can enable RFC 7519–compliant audience validation using the new verification.aud option:

import { Hono } from 'hono'
import { jwt } from 'hono/jwt'

const app = new Hono()

app.use(
  '/api/*',
  jwt({
    secret: 'my-secret',
    verification: {
      // Require this API to only accept tokens with aud = 'service-a'
      aud: 'service-a',
    },
  })
)

Below is the original description by the reporter. For security reasons, it does not include PoC reproduction steps, as the vulnerability can be clearly understood from the technical description.

The original description by the reporter

Summary

Hono’s JWT Auth Middleware does not provide a built-in aud (Audience) verification option, which can cause confused-deputy / token-mix-up issues: an API may accept a valid token that was issued for a different audience (e.g., another service) when multiple services share the same issuer/keys. This can lead to unintended cross-service access. Hono’s docs list verification options for iss/nbf/iat/exp only, with no aud support; RFC 7519 requires that when an aud claim is present, tokens MUST be rejected unless the processing party identifies itself in that claim.

Note: This problem likely exists in the JWK/JWKS-based middleware as well (e.g., jwk / verifyWithJwks)

Details

The middleware’s verifyOptions enumerate only iss, nbf, iat, and exp; there is no aud option. The same omission appears in the JWT Helper’s “Payload Validation” list. Developers relying on the middleware for complete standards-aligned validation therefore won’t check audience by default.
Standards requirement: RFC 7519 §4.1.3 states that each principal intended to process the JWT MUST identify itself with a value in the aud claim; if it does not, the JWT MUST be rejected (when aud is present). Lack of a first-class aud check increases the risk that tokens issued for Service B are accepted by Service A.
Real-world effect: In deployments with a single IdP/JWKS and shared keys across multiple services, a token minted for one audience can be mistakenly accepted by another audience unless developers implement a custom audience check.
- For example, with Google Identity (OIDC), iss is always https://accounts.google.com (shared across apps), but aud differs per application because it is that app’s OAuth client ID; therefore, an attacker can host a separate service that supports “Sign in with Google,” obtain a valid ID token (JWT) for the victim user, and—if your API does not verify aud—use that token to access your API with the victim’s privileges.

Impact

Type: Authentication/authorization weakness via token mix-up (confused-deputy).

Who is impacted: Any Hono user who: - shares an issuer/keys across multiple services (common with a single IdP/JWKS) - distinguishes tokens by intended recipient using aud.

What can happen: - Cross-service access: A token for Service B may be accepted by Service A. - Boundary erosion: ID tokens and access tokens, or separate API audiences, can be inadvertently intermixed. - This may causes unauthorized invocation of sensitive endpoints.

Recommended remediation: 1) Add verifyOptions.aud (string | string[] | RegExp) to the middleware and enforce RFC 7519 semantics: In verify method, if aud is present and does not match with specified audiences, reject. 2) Ensure equivalent aud handling exists in the JWK/JWKS flow (jwk middleware / verifyWithJwks) so users of external IdPs can enforce audience consistently.

Severity

8.1 (High)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N

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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "hono"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "1.1.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.10.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-62610"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-285"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-10-22T15:21:18Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-10-22T20:15:38Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Improper Authorization in Hono (JWT Audience Validation)\n\nHono\u2019s JWT authentication middleware did not validate the `aud` (Audience) claim by default. As a result, applications using the middleware without an explicit audience check could accept tokens intended for other audiences, leading to potential cross-service access (token mix-up).\n\nThe issue is addressed by adding a new `verification.aud` configuration option to allow RFC 7519\u2013compliant audience validation. This change is classified as a **security hardening improvement**, but the lack of validation can still be considered a vulnerability in deployments that rely on default JWT verification.\n\n### Recommended secure configuration\n\nYou can enable RFC 7519\u2013compliant audience validation using the new `verification.aud` option:\n\n```ts\nimport { Hono } from \u0027hono\u0027\nimport { jwt } from \u0027hono/jwt\u0027\n\nconst app = new Hono()\n\napp.use(\n  \u0027/api/*\u0027,\n  jwt({\n    secret: \u0027my-secret\u0027,\n    verification: {\n      // Require this API to only accept tokens with aud = \u0027service-a\u0027\n      aud: \u0027service-a\u0027,\n    },\n  })\n)\n```\n\nBelow is the original description by the reporter. For security reasons, it does not include PoC reproduction steps, as the vulnerability can be clearly understood from the technical description.\n\n---\n\n## The original description by the reporter\n\n### Summary\nHono\u2019s **JWT Auth Middleware does not provide a built-in `aud` (Audience) verification option**, which can cause **confused-deputy / token-mix-up** issues: an API may accept a valid token that was **issued for a different audience** (e.g., another service) when multiple services share the same issuer/keys. This can lead to unintended cross-service access. Hono\u2019s docs list verification options for `iss/nbf/iat/exp` only, with **no `aud` support**; RFC 7519 requires that when an `aud` claim is present, tokens **MUST** be rejected unless the processing party identifies itself in that claim.\n\n**Note:** This problem likely exists in the **JWK/JWKS-based middleware** as well (e.g., `jwk` / `verifyWithJwks`)\n\n### Details\n- The middleware\u2019s `verifyOptions` enumerate only `iss`, `nbf`, `iat`, and `exp`; there is **no `aud` option**. The same omission appears in the JWT Helper\u2019s \u201cPayload Validation\u201d list. Developers relying on the middleware for complete standards-aligned validation therefore won\u2019t check audience by default.\n- **Standards requirement:** RFC 7519 \u00a74.1.3 states that each principal intended to process the JWT **MUST** identify itself with a value in the `aud` claim; if it does not, the JWT **MUST** be rejected (when `aud` is present). Lack of a first-class `aud` check increases the risk that tokens issued for **Service B** are accepted by **Service A**.\n- **Real-world effect:** In deployments with a single IdP/JWKS and shared keys across multiple services, a token minted for one audience can be mistakenly accepted by another audience unless developers implement a custom audience check.\n    - For example, with Google Identity (OIDC), iss is always https://accounts.google.com (shared across apps), but aud differs per application because it is that app\u2019s OAuth client ID; therefore, an attacker can host a separate service that supports \u201cSign in with Google,\u201d obtain a valid ID token (JWT) for the victim user, and\u2014if your API does not verify aud\u2014use that token to access your API with the victim\u2019s privileges.\n\n### Impact\n**Type:** Authentication/authorization weakness via **token mix-up (confused-deputy)**.\n\n**Who is impacted:** Any Hono user who:\n- shares an issuer/keys across multiple services (common with a single IdP/JWKS)\n- distinguishes tokens by intended recipient using `aud`.\n\n**What can happen:**\n- **Cross-service access:** A token for *Service B* may be accepted by *Service A*.\n- **Boundary erosion:** ID tokens and access tokens, or separate API audiences, can be inadvertently intermixed.\n    - This may causes unauthorized invocation of sensitive endpoints.\n\n**Recommended remediation:**\n1) Add `verifyOptions.aud` (`string | string[] | RegExp`) to the middleware and enforce RFC 7519 semantics: In [verify method](https://github.com/honojs/hono/blob/db764c2f1d8a2905d66c78c41aa47e47d3a4165d/src/utils/jwt/jwt.ts#L99-L156), if `aud` is present and does not match with specified audiences, reject.\n2) Ensure equivalent `aud` handling exists in the JWK/JWKS flow (`jwk` middleware / `verifyWithJwks`) so users of external IdPs can enforce audience consistently.",
  "id": "GHSA-m732-5p4w-x69g",
  "modified": "2025-10-23T17:38:34Z",
  "published": "2025-10-22T15:21:18Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/honojs/hono/security/advisories/GHSA-m732-5p4w-x69g"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-62610"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/honojs/hono/commit/45ba3bf9e3dff8e4bd85d6b47d4b71c8d6c66bef"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/honojs/hono"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Hono Improper Authorization vulnerability"
}

Sightings

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Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
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Action not permitted

CVE-2025-62610 (GCVE-0-2025-62610)

EUVD-2026-256733

FKIE_CVE-2025-62610

GHSA-M732-5P4W-X69G

Improper Authorization in Hono (JWT Audience Validation)

Recommended secure configuration

The original description by the reporter

Summary

Details

Impact

Tags

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