CVE-2023-28771 (GCVE-0-2023-28771)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-04-25 00:00 – Updated: 2025-10-21 23:05Summary
Improper error message handling in Zyxel ZyWALL/USG series firmware versions 4.60 through 4.73, VPN series firmware versions 4.60 through 5.35, USG FLEX series firmware versions 4.60 through 5.35, and ATP series firmware versions 4.60 through 5.35, which could allow an unauthenticated attacker to execute some OS commands remotely by sending crafted packets to an affected device.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: active
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2023-11-18 05:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Assigner
References
3 references
Impacted products
4 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zyxel | ZyWALL/USG series firmware |
Affected:
4.60 through 4.73
|
|
| Zyxel | VPN series firmware |
Affected:
4.60 through 5.35
|
|
| Zyxel | USG FLEX series firmware |
Affected:
4.60 through 5.35
|
|
| Zyxel | ATP series firmware |
Affected:
4.60 through 5.35
|
CISA
Known Exploited Vulnerability - GCVE BCP-07 Compliant
KEV entry ID: 96285972-5990-4c61-9220-1aff10c71515
Exploited: Yes
Timestamps
First Seen: 2023-05-31
Asserted: 2023-05-31
Scope
Notes: Zyxel Multiple Firewalls OS Command Injection Vulnerability | Affected: Zyxel / Multiple Firewalls | Description: Zyxel ATP, USG FLEX, VPN, and ZyWALL/USG firewalls allow for improper error message handling which could allow an unauthenticated attacker to execute OS commands remotely by sending crafted packets to an affected device. | Required action: Apply updates per vendor instructions. | Due date: 2023-06-21 | Known ransomware campaign use (KEV): Unknown | Notes (KEV): https://www.zyxel.com/global/en/support/security-advisories/zyxel-security-advisory-for-remote-command-injection-vulnerability-of-firewalls; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-28771
Evidence
Type: Vendor Report
Signal: Successful Exploitation
Confidence: 80%
Source: cisa-kev
Details
| Cwes | CWE-78 |
|---|---|
| Feed | CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog |
| Product | Multiple Firewalls |
| Due Date | 2023-06-21 |
| Date Added | 2023-05-31 |
| Vendorproject | Zyxel |
| Vulnerabilityname | Zyxel Multiple Firewalls OS Command Injection Vulnerability |
| Knownransomwarecampaignuse | Unknown |
References
Created: 2026-10-02 08:09 CEST
| Updated: 2026-10-02 08:09 CEST
CIRCL
Known Exploited Vulnerability - GCVE BCP-07 Compliant
KEV entry ID: 654a76ab-65b5-485b-a116-b3d71a795054
Exploited: Yes
Alternative IDs:
GCVE-0-2023-28771
Characteristics
Remote Code Execution:
Yes
Authentication Required:
No
Local Access Required:
Remote
Severity:
100.0
Timestamps
First Seen: 2025-01-01
Last Seen: 2026-01-28
Scope
Notes: # ip | as_num | as_name | as_country | ptr | last_timestamp
# -------------+--------+-----------------------------+------------+------------------------------------+------------------
69.69.70.70 | 209 | CENTURYLINK-US-LEGACY-QWEST | US | nj-69-69-70-70.dyn.embarqhsd.net | 2026-01-28 17:45:08
70.71.69.69 | 6327 | SHAW | CA | S0106889e68483a90.vs.shawcable.net | 2026-01-28 17:45:09
98.45.67.89 | 7922 | COMCAST-7922 | US | c-98-45-67-89.hsd1.ca.comcast.net | 2026-01-28 17:45:07
95.135.54.10 | 209630 | KREDIT-AS | UA | | 2026-01-28 17:24:43
Evidence
Type: Sinkhole
Signal: In The Wild Attempts
Confidence: 100%
Source: cti-feed.circl.lu
Created: 2026-10-02 08:56 CEST
| Updated: 2026-02-03 10:42 CET
Previdian
Known Exploited Vulnerability - GCVE BCP-07 Compliant
KEV entry ID: ef874864-b2dd-496f-8a6d-c2f4289d6ba9
Exploited: Yes
Timestamps
First Seen: 2023-05-31
Asserted: 2023-05-31
Scope
Notes: Improper error message handling in Zyxel ZyWALL/USG series firmware versions 4.60 through 4.73, VPN series firmware versions 4.60 through 5.35, USG... | Affected: Zyxel / ZyWALL/USG series firmware, VPN series firmware, USG FLEX series firmware, ATP series firmware | CVSS: 9.8 (CRITICAL) | EPSS: 0.99284 | Used in malware: unknown | Not yet in CISA KEV: False
Evidence
Type: Public Report
Signal: Successful Exploitation
Confidence: 70%
Source: previdian
Details
| Feed | Previdian (previdian.com) |
|---|---|
| Title | Improper error message handling in Zyxel ZyWALL/USG series firmware versions 4.60 through 4.73, VPN series firmware versions 4.60 through 5.35, USG... |
| Cve Id | CVE-2023-28771 |
| Vendor | Zyxel |
| Ghsa Id | None |
| Product | ZyWALL/USG series firmware, VPN series firmware, USG FLEX series firmware, ATP series firmware |
| Added Date | 2023-05-31T00:00:00.000Z |
| Cvss Score | 9.8 |
| Epss Score | 0.99284 |
| Previous Ids | |
| Cvss Severity | CRITICAL |
| Virtual Patch | False |
| Cvss Estimated | False |
| Epss Percentile | 0.99937 |
| Used In Malware | unknown |
| Vulnerability Id | CVE-2023-28771 |
| Ahead Of Cisa Kev | None |
| Not Yet In Cisa Kev | False |
References
Created: 2026-10-02 09:11 CEST
| Updated: 2026-10-02 09:11 CEST
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Experimental. This forecast is provided for visualization only and may change without notice. Do not use it for operational decisions.
Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.
Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date | Other |
|---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
- Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
- Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
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The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the
vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base
model, served locally by ML-Gateway.
They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
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Related by attack behaviour
Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.
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