Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-95

Allowed

Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')

Abstraction: Variant · Status: Incomplete

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes code syntax before using the input in a dynamic evaluation call (e.g. "eval").

367 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-27702 (GCVE-0-2026-27702)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-25 15:11 – Updated: 2026-02-25 20:43
VLAI
Title
Budibase Vulnerable to Remote Code Execution via Unsafe eval() in View Filter Map Function (Budibase Cloud)
Summary
Budibase is a low code platform for creating internal tools, workflows, and admin panels. Prior to version 3.30.4, an unsafe `eval()` vulnerability in Budibase's view filtering implementation allows any authenticated user (including free tier accounts) to execute arbitrary JavaScript code on the server. This vulnerability ONLY affects Budibase Cloud (SaaS) - self-hosted deployments use native CouchDB views and are not vulnerable. The vulnerability exists in `packages/server/src/db/inMemoryView.ts` where user-controlled view map functions are directly evaluated without sanitization. The primary impact comes from what lives inside the pod's environment: the `app-service` pod runs with secrets baked into its environment variables, including `INTERNAL_API_KEY`, `JWT_SECRET`, CouchDB admin credentials, AWS keys, and more. Using the extracted CouchDB credentials, we verified direct database access, enumerated all tenant databases, and confirmed that user records (email addresses) are readable. Version 3.30.4 contains a patch.
Severity
9.9 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:L
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-02-25 20:43 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-20 - Improper Input Validation
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
  • CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Budibase budibase Affected: < 3.30.4
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-27493 (GCVE-0-2026-27493)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-25 22:05 – Updated: 2026-02-26 20:27
VLAI
Title
n8n has Unauthenticated Expression Evaluation via Form Node
Summary
n8n is an open source workflow automation platform. Prior to versions 2.10.1, 2.9.3, and 1.123.22, a second-order expression injection vulnerability existed in n8n's Form nodes that could allow an unauthenticated attacker to inject and evaluate arbitrary n8n expressions by submitting crafted form data. When chained with an expression sandbox escape, this could escalate to remote code execution on the n8n host. The vulnerability requires a specific workflow configuration to be exploitable. First, a form node with a field interpolating a value provided by an unauthenticated user, e.g. a form submitted value. Second, the field value must begin with an `=` character, which caused n8n to treat it as an expression and triggered a double-evaluation of the field content. There is no practical reason for a workflow designer to prefix a field with `=` intentionally — the character is not rendered in the output, so the result would not match the designer's expectations. If added accidentally, it would be noticeable and very unlikely to persist. An unauthenticated attacker would need to either know about this specific circumstance on a target instance or discover a matching form by chance. Even when the preconditions are met, the expression injection alone is limited to data accessible within the n8n expression context. Escalation to remote code execution requires chaining with a separate sandbox escape vulnerability. The issue has been fixed in n8n versions 2.10.1, 2.9.3, and 1.123.22. Users should upgrade to one of these versions or later to remediate the vulnerability. If upgrading is not immediately possible, administrators should consider the following temporary mitigations. Review usage of form nodes manually for above mentioned preconditions, disable the Form node by adding `n8n-nodes-base.form` to the `NODES_EXCLUDE` environment variable, and/or disable the Form Trigger node by adding `n8n-nodes-base.formTrigger` to the `NODES_EXCLUDE` environment variable. These workarounds do not fully remediate the risk and should only be used as short-term mitigation measures.
Severity
9.5 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-02-26 20:27 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
  • CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
n8n-io n8n Affected: < 1.123.22
Affected: >= 2.0.0, < 2.9.3
Affected: >= 2.10.0, < 2.10.1
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-24474 (GCVE-0-2026-24474)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-23 23:50 – Updated: 2026-01-26 17:07
VLAI
Title
Dioxus Components has JavaScript injection via user-supplied IDs
Summary
Dioxus Components is a shadcn-style component library for the Dioxus app framework. Prior to commit 41e4242ecb1062d04ae42a5215363c1d9fd4e23a, `use_animated_open` formats a string for `eval` with an `id` that can be user supplied. Commit 41e4242ecb1062d04ae42a5215363c1d9fd4e23a patches the issue.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-01-26 17:06 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
DioxusLabs components Affected: < 41e4242ecb1062d04ae42a5215363c1d9fd4e23a
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-23885 (GCVE-0-2026-23885)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-19 21:09 – Updated: 2026-01-21 21:12
VLAI
Title
AlchemyCMS has Authenticated Remote Code Execution (RCE) via eval injection in ResourcesHelper
Summary
Alchemy is an open source content management system engine written in Ruby on Rails. Prior to versions 7.4.12 and 8.0.3, the application uses the Ruby `eval()` function to dynamically execute a string provided by the `resource_handler.engine_name` attribute in `Alchemy::ResourcesHelper#resource_url_proxy`. The vulnerability exists in `app/helpers/alchemy/resources_helper.rb` at line 28. The code explicitly bypasses security linting with `# rubocop:disable Security/Eval`, indicating that the use of a dangerous function was known but not properly mitigated. Since `engine_name` is sourced from module definitions that can be influenced by administrative configurations, it allows an authenticated attacker to escape the Ruby sandbox and execute arbitrary system commands on the host OS. Versions 7.4.12 and 8.0.3 fix the issue by replacing `eval()` with `send()`.
Severity
6.4 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-01-21 21:08 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
AlchemyCMS alchemy_cms Affected: < 7.4.12
Affected: >= 8.0.0.a, < 8.0.3
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CVE-2026-22666 (GCVE-0-2026-22666)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-07 12:41 – Updated: 2026-07-14 15:53
VLAI
Title
Dolibarr ERP/CRM < 23.0.2 Authenticated RCE via dol_eval_standard()
Summary
Dolibarr ERP/CRM versions prior to 23.0.2 contain an authenticated remote code execution vulnerability in the dol_eval_standard() function that fails to apply forbidden string checks in whitelist mode and does not detect PHP dynamic callable syntax. Attackers with administrator privileges can inject malicious payloads through computed extrafields or other evaluation paths using PHP dynamic callable syntax to bypass validation and achieve arbitrary command execution via eval().
Severity
8.6 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
7.2 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-07 13:42 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Dolibarr Dolibarr ERP/CRM Affected: 0 , < 23.0.2 (semver)
Unaffected: 6f425521b3e6f9f27eca05228e02093dbaa40dea (git)
    cpe:2.3:a:dolibarr:dolibarr_erp\/crm:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
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Credits
Jiva (JivaSecurity)
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CVE-2026-19780 (GCVE-0-2026-19780)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-15 16:05 – Updated: 2026-09-22 17:57
VLAI
Title
Koha Eval Code Injection Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Summary
Koha Eval Code Injection Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Koha. Authentication is required to exploit this vulnerability. The specific flaw exists within the web service, which listens on TCP port 8081 by default. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of a user-supplied string before passing it to the eval function. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the service account. Was ZDI-CAN-29165.
Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-22 17:56 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Koha Koha Affected: 25.12.00
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-09-08 21:39
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-19626 (GCVE-0-2026-19626)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-14 16:55 – Updated: 2026-08-15 03:55
VLAI
Title
Remote Code Execution
Summary
A remote code execution vulnerability exists in Tenable Security Center's report generation functionality. An authenticated, non-administrative user could exploit this issue by supplying specially crafted input that is later processed unsafely during server-side report rendering, resulting in arbitrary code execution with the privileges of the service account.
Severity
9.9 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.4 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-14 00:00 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-95 - Improper neutralization of directives in dynamically evaluated code ('eval injection')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Tenable, Inc. Security Center Affected: 0 , < 6.9.0 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-19295 (GCVE-0-2026-19295)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-28 20:53 – Updated: 2026-09-01 03:56
VLAI
Title
Langflow is affected by multiple remote code execution vulnerabilities due to insufficient code-execution policy enforcement
Summary
IBM Langflow OSS 1.0.0 through 1.11.1 allows an authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary operating system commands in the server process by saving a flow with a crafted type field value and triggering a build of a wrapper flow that references it. This allowed privilege escalation from "authenticated flow user" to arbitrary OS-level command execution under the server process identity, bypassing the LANGFLOW_ALLOW_CUSTOM_COMPONENTS=false policy control.
Severity
9.9 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-31 00:00 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
Assigner
References
URL Tags
https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7284733 vendor-advisorypatch
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
IBM Langflow OSS Affected: 1.0.0 , ≤ 1.11.1 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:langflow_oss:1.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:langflow_oss:1.11.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-14380 (GCVE-0-2026-14380)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-07 22:04 – Updated: 2026-08-31 10:12
VLAI
Title
DBI versions before 1.650 for Perl are vulnerable to code injection via caller-influenced Profile
Summary
DBI versions before 1.650 for Perl are vulnerable to code injection via caller-influenced Profile. When a string is assigned to a DBI handle's Profile attribute, DBI splits it into path, package and arguments, and interpolates the package part in a string eval with no validation of the package name. Any caller-influenced value that reaches the Profile attribute is therefore arbitrary Perl code execution, including calls to run system commands. The Profile attribute can be set from three different sources that can carry untrusted data: the DBI_PROFILE environment variable, a direct attribute assignment, and a DSN driver-attribute clause dbi:Driver(Profile=>SPEC):db. An attacker controlling any of those inputs runs arbitrary Perl in the host process. The strongest remote position is a network-exposed DBI::Gofer / DBI::ProxyServer whose per-request DSN reaches the Profile attribute, letting a client execute code on the broker host.
Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-09 13:51 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code (Eval Injection)
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Affected: 0 , < 1.650 (custom)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-13048 (GCVE-0-2026-13048)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-13 16:28 – Updated: 2026-08-14 11:31
VLAI
Title
Data::MuForm::Localizer versions through 0.05 for Perl execute Perl from a message catalog header, reached at an arbitrary path because load_lexicon interpolates the language attribute into the catalog filename
Summary
Data::MuForm::Localizer versions through 0.05 for Perl execute Perl from a message catalog header, reached at an arbitrary path because load_lexicon interpolates the language attribute into the catalog filename. load_lexicon builds the catalog path by appending `Messages/$lang.po` to the directory holding Localizer.pm, where $lang is the language attribute, with no check that it names a bare locale tag. A value holding `../` segments walks out of the message directory, so any readable path with a `.po` suffix is loaded. While parsing the catalog, extract_header_msgstr takes the `Plural-Forms:` header, prefixes `$` to the bare words nplurals, plural and n, and passes the rest verbatim into a string that is evaluated: the nplurals form evaluates the header expression immediately, and the plural_code form compiles it into a subroutine whose body runs when a plural message is localized. A header of `nplurals=2; plural=(system('...'),0);` therefore runs that command as the catalog loads. The evaluation inherits strict, so an expression that assigns to an undeclared variable fails to compile, while one built from calls alone does not. An application that sets the language attribute from request data, an Accept-Language header or a locale parameter, and an attacker who can place a file with a `.po` suffix and chosen contents at a readable path, together give code execution as the application user. The message expansion path is not affected: expand_named substitutes only the placeholder names the caller supplies, and _mangle_value returns the value unchanged.
Severity
8.2 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-14 11:31 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Affected: 0 , ≤ 0.05 (custom)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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          "value": "Data::MuForm::Localizer versions through 0.05 for Perl execute Perl from a message catalog header, reached at an arbitrary path because load_lexicon interpolates the language attribute into the catalog filename.\n\nload_lexicon builds the catalog path by appending `Messages/$lang.po` to the directory holding Localizer.pm, where $lang is the language attribute, with no check that it names a bare locale tag. A value holding `../` segments walks out of the message directory, so any readable path with a `.po` suffix is loaded. While parsing the catalog, extract_header_msgstr takes the `Plural-Forms:` header, prefixes `$` to the bare words nplurals, plural and n, and passes the rest verbatim into a string that is evaluated: the nplurals form evaluates the header expression immediately, and the plural_code form compiles it into a subroutine whose body runs when a plural message is localized. A header of `nplurals=2; plural=(system(\u0027...\u0027),0);` therefore runs that command as the catalog loads. The evaluation inherits strict, so an expression that assigns to an undeclared variable fails to compile, while one built from calls alone does not.\n\nAn application that sets the language attribute from request data, an Accept-Language header or a locale parameter, and an attacker who can place a file with a `.po` suffix and chosen contents at a readable path, together give code execution as the application user. The message expansion path is not affected: expand_named substitutes only the placeholder names the caller supplies, and _mangle_value returns the value unchanged."
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-95",
              "description": "CWE-95 Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code (\u0027Eval Injection\u0027)",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-22",
              "description": "CWE-22 Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory (\u0027Path Traversal\u0027)",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-13T16:28:25.637Z",
        "orgId": "9b29abf9-4ab0-4765-b253-1875cd9b441e",
        "shortName": "CPANSec"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "tags": [
            "patch"
          ],
          "url": "https://security.metacpan.org/patches/D/Data-MuForm/0.05/CVE-2026-13048-r2.patch"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://metacpan.org/release/GSHANK/Data-MuForm-0.05/source/lib/Data/MuForm/Localizer.pm#L56-63"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://metacpan.org/release/GSHANK/Data-MuForm-0.05/source/lib/Data/MuForm/Localizer.pm#L381-428"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
      "title": "Data::MuForm::Localizer versions through 0.05 for Perl execute Perl from a message catalog header, reached at an arbitrary path because load_lexicon interpolates the language attribute into the catalog filename",
      "workarounds": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "No fixed release is available, and the distribution has not been updated since 2018. Apply the patch, which requires the language attribute to be a bare locale tag and parses the Plural-Forms header against the gettext plural grammar before it is evaluated. Deployments that cannot patch should not set the language attribute from request data, and should map any request supplied locale through a fixed table of supported tags before passing it to a form or localizer."
        }
      ],
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "cpansec-cna-tool 0.1"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "9b29abf9-4ab0-4765-b253-1875cd9b441e",
    "assignerShortName": "CPANSec",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-13048",
    "datePublished": "2026-08-13T16:28:25.637Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-06-23T17:35:41.013Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-14T11:31:42.090Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design Implementation

Strategy: Refactoring

If possible, refactor your code so that it does not need to use eval() at all.

Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Implementation
  • Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180, CWE-181). Make sure that your application does not inadvertently decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked. Use libraries such as the OWASP ESAPI Canonicalization control.
  • Consider performing repeated canonicalization until your input does not change any more. This will avoid double-decoding and similar scenarios, but it might inadvertently modify inputs that are allowed to contain properly-encoded dangerous content.
Mitigation
Implementation

For Python programs, it is frequently encouraged to use the ast.literal_eval() function instead of eval, since it is intentionally designed to avoid executing code. However, an adversary could still cause excessive memory or stack consumption via deeply nested structures [REF-1372], so the python documentation discourages use of ast.literal_eval() on untrusted data [REF-1373].

CAPEC-35: Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files

An attack of this type exploits a system's trust in configuration and resource files. When the executable loads the resource (such as an image file or configuration file) the attacker has modified the file to either execute malicious code directly or manipulate the target process (e.g. application server) to execute based on the malicious configuration parameters. Since systems are increasingly interrelated mashing up resources from local and remote sources the possibility of this attack occurring is high.

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