CWE-88
AllowedImproper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product constructs a string for a command to be executed by a separate component in another control sphere, but it does not properly delimit the intended arguments, options, or switches within that command string.
732 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-427P-PPG4-CG5Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-03 15:31 – Updated: 2025-10-03 15:31Unity Editor 2019.1 through 6000.3 could allow remote attackers to exploit file loading and Local File Inclusion (LFI) mechanisms via a crafted local application because of an Untrusted Search Path. This could permit unauthorized manipulation of runtime resources and third-party integrations. The issue could affect applications built using Unity and deployed across Android, Windows, macOS, and Linux platforms.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-59489"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-426",
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-03T14:15:45Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Unity Editor 2019.1 through 6000.3 could allow remote attackers to exploit file loading and Local File Inclusion (LFI) mechanisms via a crafted local application because of an Untrusted Search Path. This could permit unauthorized manipulation of runtime resources and third-party integrations. The issue could affect applications built using Unity and deployed across Android, Windows, macOS, and Linux platforms.",
"id": "GHSA-427p-ppg4-cg5q",
"modified": "2025-10-03T15:31:17Z",
"published": "2025-10-03T15:31:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-59489"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://flatt.tech/research/posts/arbitrary-code-execution-in-unity-runtime"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://unity.com/security#security-updates-and-patches"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://unity.com/security/sept-2025-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-42FH-94W4-956Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-11 12:30 – Updated: 2026-08-11 12:30An argument injection vulnerability in PrefectHQ Prefect through 3.8.2 allows authenticated users to achieve remote code execution via the git_clone pull step branch field. The branch parameter is passed directly to git pull without sanitization, enabling injection of arbitrary git arguments. This represents a distinct code path from the incomplete fix applied for CVE-2026-5366 and allows command execution on the Prefect server.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-72538"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-08-11T12:17:39Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An argument injection vulnerability in PrefectHQ Prefect through 3.8.2 allows authenticated users to achieve remote code execution via the git_clone pull step branch field. The branch parameter is passed directly to git pull without sanitization, enabling injection of arbitrary git arguments. This represents a distinct code path from the incomplete fix applied for CVE-2026-5366 and allows command execution on the Prefect server.",
"id": "GHSA-42fh-94w4-956q",
"modified": "2026-08-11T12:30:23Z",
"published": "2026-08-11T12:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-72538"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-42W8-JQ8G-MG7M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-04-30 18:16 – Updated: 2025-01-16 18:30Internet Explorer 6 and earlier, when used with the Telnet client in Services for Unix (SFU) 2.0, allows remote attackers to execute commands by spawning Telnet with a log file option on the command line and writing arbitrary code into an executable file which is later executed, aka a new variant of the Telnet Invocation vulnerability as described in CVE-2001-0150.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2001-0667"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2001-10-30T05:00:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Internet Explorer 6 and earlier, when used with the Telnet client in Services for Unix (SFU) 2.0, allows remote attackers to execute commands by spawning Telnet with a log file option on the command line and writing arbitrary code into an executable file which is later executed, aka a new variant of the Telnet Invocation vulnerability as described in CVE-2001-0150.",
"id": "GHSA-42w8-jq8g-mg7m",
"modified": "2025-01-16T18:30:54Z",
"published": "2022-04-30T18:16:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2001-0667"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2001/ms01-051"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/7260"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ciac.org/ciac/bulletins/m-024.shtml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/952611"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4533-C5F5-J3H9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-14 21:31 – Updated: 2026-09-14 21:31A flaw was found in NetworkManager-l2tp. The plugin writes attacker-controlled VPN connection properties (vpn.data and vpn.secrets values) unescaped into a generated ipsec.conf file that pluto loads as root. A local unprivileged user can create and activate their own L2TP VPN profile containing a newline-injected leftupdown directive; pluto executes that command as root when the IKE security association is established, resulting in local privilege escalation. This is the same bug class as CVE-2018-10900 (NetworkManager-vpnc).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-19624"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-14T20:16:43Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A flaw was found in NetworkManager-l2tp. The plugin writes attacker-controlled VPN connection properties (vpn.data and vpn.secrets values) unescaped into a generated ipsec.conf file that pluto loads as root. A local unprivileged user can create and activate their own L2TP VPN profile containing a newline-injected leftupdown directive; pluto executes that command as root when the IKE security association is established, resulting in local privilege escalation. This is the same bug class as CVE-2018-10900 (NetworkManager-vpnc).",
"id": "GHSA-4533-c5f5-j3h9",
"modified": "2026-09-14T21:31:45Z",
"published": "2026-09-14T21:31:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-19624"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/nm-l2tp/NetworkManager-l2tp/commit/3704d8c9d5e5f9ed1626a8ce7627a04247cea673"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/nm-l2tp/NetworkManager-l2tp/commit/95b6b46f48a0c9eabc79272cd313f219110ef91c"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bodhi.fedoraproject.org/updates/?packages=NetworkManager-l2tp"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/nm-l2tp/NetworkManager-l2tp/releases"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://linnemanlabs.com/posts/nm-l2tp-newline-to-root"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-45HX-WFHJ-473X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-01-21 23:07 – Updated: 2022-01-27 18:28H2 Console before 2.1.210 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a jdbc:h2:mem JDBC URL containing the IGNORE_UNKNOWN_SETTINGS=TRUE;FORBID_CREATION=FALSE;INIT=RUNSCRIPT substring, a different vulnerability than CVE-2021-42392.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.h2database:h2"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.1.210"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-23221"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-01-20T16:13:20Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-01-19T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "H2 Console before 2.1.210 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a jdbc:h2:mem JDBC URL containing the IGNORE_UNKNOWN_SETTINGS=TRUE;FORBID_CREATION=FALSE;INIT=RUNSCRIPT substring, a different vulnerability than CVE-2021-42392.",
"id": "GHSA-45hx-wfhj-473x",
"modified": "2022-01-27T18:28:14Z",
"published": "2022-01-21T23:07:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-23221"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/h2database/h2database"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/h2database/h2database/releases/tag/version-2.1.210"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/h2database/h2database/security/advisories"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2022/02/msg00017.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20230818-0011"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://twitter.com/d0nkey_man/status/1483824727936450564"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2022/dsa-5076"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuapr2022.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujul2022.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/165676/H2-Database-Console-Remote-Code-Execution.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2022/Jan/39"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Arbitrary code execution in H2 Console"
}
GHSA-46RP-WQR5-V5MJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-21 21:31 – Updated: 2025-08-22 21:31Argument injection in special agent configuration in Checkmk <2.4.0p1, <2.3.0p32, <2.2.0p42 and 2.1.0 allows authenticated attackers to write arbitrary files
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-1712"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-21T09:15:35Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Argument injection in special agent configuration in Checkmk \u003c2.4.0p1, \u003c2.3.0p32, \u003c2.2.0p42 and 2.1.0 allows authenticated attackers to write arbitrary files",
"id": "GHSA-46rp-wqr5-v5mj",
"modified": "2025-08-22T21:31:13Z",
"published": "2025-05-21T21:31:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-1712"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://checkmk.com/werk/17996"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-47HP-VWHC-CPVH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-21 00:31 – Updated: 2026-08-21 00:31Improper neutralization of argument delimiters in a command ('argument injection') in Azure Managed Instance for Apache Cassandra allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code over a network.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-65770"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-08-20T22:17:52Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Improper neutralization of argument delimiters in a command (\u0027argument injection\u0027) in Azure Managed Instance for Apache Cassandra allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code over a network.",
"id": "GHSA-47hp-vwhc-cpvh",
"modified": "2026-08-21T00:31:21Z",
"published": "2026-08-21T00:31:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-65770"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-65770"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-48C9-XHF8-82Q7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-16 00:31 – Updated: 2026-09-16 00:31Netcore NR255-V firmware version 1.5.130703 builds root-run command lines from unquoted user-supplied DDNS input in DDNSset_cgi.c and related ddns_Proc.c components, enabling os command argument injection. Attackers can exploit the unsanitized parameters to inject additional command arguments executed with root privileges.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-76866"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-15T22:17:01Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Netcore NR255-V firmware version 1.5.130703 builds root-run command lines from unquoted user-supplied DDNS input in DDNSset_cgi.c and related ddns_Proc.c components, enabling os command argument injection. Attackers can exploit the unsanitized parameters to inject additional command arguments executed with root privileges.",
"id": "GHSA-48c9-xhf8-82q7",
"modified": "2026-09-16T00:31:30Z",
"published": "2026-09-16T00:31:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-76866"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/draw-ctf/netcore-router-public-refs/blob/main/2026.08.19-netcore-nr255v-ddns-argv-injection.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/netcore-nr255-v-1.5.130703-os-command-argument-injection-via-unquoted-ddns-parameters"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-48WW-J4FC-435P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-05-10 19:16 – Updated: 2021-04-19 22:42This affects the package nodemailer before 6.4.16. Use of crafted recipient email addresses may result in arbitrary command flag injection in sendmail transport for sending mails.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "nodemailer"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.4.16"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-7769"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-04-19T22:42:19Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2020-11-12T09:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "This affects the package nodemailer before 6.4.16. Use of crafted recipient email addresses may result in arbitrary command flag injection in sendmail transport for sending mails.",
"id": "GHSA-48ww-j4fc-435p",
"modified": "2021-04-19T22:42:19Z",
"published": "2021-05-10T19:16:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-7769"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/nodemailer/nodemailer/commit/ba31c64c910d884579875c52d57ac45acc47aa54"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/nodemailer/nodemailer/blob/33b62e2ea6bc9215c99a9bb4bfba94e2fb27ebd0/lib/sendmail-transport/index.js#L75"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/nodemailer/nodemailer/blob/33b62e2ea6bc9215c99a9bb4bfba94e2fb27ebd0/lib/sendmail-transport/index.js%23L75"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JAVA-ORGWEBJARSNPM-1039742"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JS-NODEMAILER-1038834"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.npmjs.com/package/nodemailer"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Command injection in nodemailer"
}
GHSA-4C63-9J96-375Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-15 18:30 – Updated: 2024-11-15 18:30A vulnerability in the web UI of Cisco SD-WAN vManage Software could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to inject arbitrary commands on an affected system and cause a denial of service (DoS) condition. This vulnerability is due to improper input validation of user-supplied input to the device template configuration. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by submitting crafted input to the device template configuration. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to cause a DoS condition on the affected system.Cisco has released software updates that address this vulnerability. There are no workarounds that address this vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-1484"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-15T17:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the web UI of Cisco\u0026nbsp;SD-WAN vManage Software could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to inject arbitrary commands on an affected system and cause a denial of service (DoS) condition.\nThis vulnerability is due to improper input validation of user-supplied input to the device template configuration. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by submitting crafted input to the device template configuration. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to cause a DoS condition on the affected system.Cisco\u0026nbsp;has released software updates that address this vulnerability. There are no workarounds that address this vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-4c63-9j96-375q",
"modified": "2024-11-15T18:30:51Z",
"published": "2024-11-15T18:30:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-1484"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-vman-cmdinj-nRHKgfHX"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-vmanage-info-disclos-gGvm9Mfu"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Strategy: Parameterization
Where possible, avoid building a single string that contains the command and its arguments. Some languages or frameworks have functions that support specifying independent arguments, e.g. as an array, which is used to automatically perform the appropriate quoting or escaping while building the command. For example, in PHP, escapeshellarg() can be used to escape a single argument to system(), or exec() can be called with an array of arguments. In C, code can often be refactored from using system() - which accepts a single string - to using exec(), which requires separate function arguments for each parameter.
Mitigation
Strategy: Input Validation
Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your product: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, request headers as well as content, URL components, e-mail, files, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Perform input validation at well-defined interfaces.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Directly convert your input type into the expected data type, such as using a conversion function that translates a string into a number. After converting to the expected data type, ensure that the input's values fall within the expected range of allowable values and that multi-field consistencies are maintained.
Mitigation
- Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180, CWE-181). Make sure that your application does not inadvertently decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked. Use libraries such as the OWASP ESAPI Canonicalization control.
- Consider performing repeated canonicalization until your input does not change any more. This will avoid double-decoding and similar scenarios, but it might inadvertently modify inputs that are allowed to contain properly-encoded dangerous content.
Mitigation
When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.
Mitigation
When your application combines data from multiple sources, perform the validation after the sources have been combined. The individual data elements may pass the validation step but violate the intended restrictions after they have been combined.
Mitigation
Use dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the product using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The product's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
CAPEC-137: Parameter Injection
An adversary manipulates the content of request parameters for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some parameter encodings use text characters as separators. For example, parameters in a HTTP GET message are encoded as name-value pairs separated by an ampersand (&). If an attacker can supply text strings that are used to fill in these parameters, then they can inject special characters used in the encoding scheme to add or modify parameters. For example, if user input is fed directly into an HTTP GET request and the user provides the value "myInput&new_param=myValue", then the input parameter is set to myInput, but a new parameter (new_param) is also added with a value of myValue. This can significantly change the meaning of the query that is processed by the server. Any encoding scheme where parameters are identified and separated by text characters is potentially vulnerable to this attack - the HTTP GET encoding used above is just one example.
CAPEC-174: Flash Parameter Injection
An adversary takes advantage of improper data validation to inject malicious global parameters into a Flash file embedded within an HTML document. Flash files can leverage user-submitted data to configure the Flash document and access the embedding HTML document.
CAPEC-41: Using Meta-characters in E-mail Headers to Inject Malicious Payloads
This type of attack involves an attacker leveraging meta-characters in email headers to inject improper behavior into email programs. Email software has become increasingly sophisticated and feature-rich. In addition, email applications are ubiquitous and connected directly to the Web making them ideal targets to launch and propagate attacks. As the user demand for new functionality in email applications grows, they become more like browsers with complex rendering and plug in routines. As more email functionality is included and abstracted from the user, this creates opportunities for attackers. Virtually all email applications do not list email header information by default, however the email header contains valuable attacker vectors for the attacker to exploit particularly if the behavior of the email client application is known. Meta-characters are hidden from the user, but can contain scripts, enumerations, probes, and other attacks against the user's system.
CAPEC-460: HTTP Parameter Pollution (HPP)
An adversary adds duplicate HTTP GET/POST parameters by injecting query string delimiters. Via HPP it may be possible to override existing hardcoded HTTP parameters, modify the application behaviors, access and, potentially exploit, uncontrollable variables, and bypass input validation checkpoints and WAF rules.
CAPEC-88: OS Command Injection
In this type of an attack, an adversary injects operating system commands into existing application functions. An application that uses untrusted input to build command strings is vulnerable. An adversary can leverage OS command injection in an application to elevate privileges, execute arbitrary commands and compromise the underlying operating system.