Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-79
AllowedImproper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable
The product does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes user-controllable input before it is placed in output that is used as a web page that is served to other users.
71571 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-89081 (GCVE-0-2026-89081)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-19 02:27 – Updated: 2026-09-19 14:01
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Tutor LMS <= 4.0.8 - Reflected Cross-Site Scripting via 'back_url' and 'search' Parameters
Summary
The Tutor LMS – eLearning and online course solution plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Reflected Cross-Site Scripting via the 'search' parameter in all versions up to, and including, 4.0.8 due to insufficient input sanitization and output escaping. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to inject arbitrary web scripts in pages that execute if they can successfully trick a user into performing an action such as clicking on a link.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-19 13:22 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
6 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| themeum | Tutor LMS – eLearning and online course solution |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 4.0.8
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-89047 (GCVE-0-2026-89047)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-01 07:40 – Updated: 2026-10-03 15:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Social Media Share Buttons & Social Sharing Icons <= 3.0.1 - Reflected DOM-Based Cross-Site Scripting via URL
Summary
The Social Media Share Buttons & Social Sharing Icons plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Reflected Cross-Site Scripting via URL in all versions up to, and including, 3.0.1 due to insufficient input sanitization and output escaping. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to inject arbitrary web scripts in pages that will execute whenever a user accesses an injected page. Exploitation requires the victim to be on a mobile user-agent and to click the WeChat share icon, though once the dialog opens, script execution is automatic and requires no further user interaction.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-03 15:29 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| inisev | Social Media Share Buttons & Social Sharing Icons |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 3.0.1
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-88996 (GCVE-0-2026-88996)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-25 07:40 – Updated: 2026-09-25 10:33
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
WPForms <= 2.0.2 - Reflected Cross-Site Scripting via 'page_title' POST Parameter
Summary
The WPForms – AI Form Builder for WordPress – Contact Forms, Payment Forms, Survey Form, Quiz & More plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Reflected Cross-Site Scripting via 'page_title' POST Parameter via {page_title} Smart Tag in all versions up to, and including, 2.0.2 due to insufficient input sanitization and output escaping. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to inject arbitrary web scripts in pages that execute if they can successfully trick a user into performing an action such as clicking on a link. This is only exploitable on forms whose admin-authored confirmation message places the {page_title} Smart Tag inside an HTML attribute context.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-25 10:31 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
6 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| smub | WPForms – AI Form Builder for WordPress – Contact Forms, Payment Forms, Survey Form, Quiz & More |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 2.0.2
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-88976 (GCVE-0-2026-88976)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-16 14:11 – Updated: 2026-09-16 15:25
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
@platejs/core HTML deserialization can trigger browser behavior during parsing
Summary
Plate is a rich-text editor with AI and shadcn/ui. Prior to 53.3.11, and in the discontinued 54.0.0-beta.0 through 54.0.0-beta.1 builds, Plate core HTML deserialization APIs parse supplied HTML strings in the active document. When an application passes untrusted or cross-user HTML to these APIs, certain HTML attributes can trigger browser behavior before the HTML is converted into editor nodes. This can allow attacker-controlled script to execute in the consuming application's origin when another user loads the deserialized content. This issue is fixed in version 53.3.11.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-16 15:24 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/udecode/plate/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/udecode/plate/pull/5117 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/udecode/plate/commit/d02afe45d… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/udecode/plate/releases/tag/v53.3.11 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-88921 (GCVE-0-2026-88921)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-10 13:41 – Updated: 2026-09-10 17:02
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MISP: Unescaped HTML Injection in PDF Report Element Rendering
Summary
MISP contains an HTML injection vulnerability in the MISPElementHTMLFormatterTool component, which is responsible for rendering MISP element references (attributes, objects, and tags) into inline HTML during PDF report export via the convert_markdown_to_pdf module. The attribute(), objectAttribute(), object(), and tag() methods interpolated user-controlled fields (attribute type, attribute value, object name, object relation, tag name, tag colour, and tag text colour) directly into HTML templates without applying HTML entity encoding. An authenticated user with the ability to create or modify MISP attributes, objects, or tags could embed arbitrary HTML markup in these fields. When a report containing such elements was exported to PDF, the unescaped content was rendered as live HTML rather than inert text, potentially injecting script tags, breaking the document structure, or altering the visual content of the exported report. Additionally, the attribute() method contained a template with hardcoded sample values ("domain-ip" and "google.com") instead of format placeholders, meaning every plain attribute reference in a PDF displayed the sample text rather than the actual indicator value, constituting a data-integrity defect in the exported document. The vulnerability requires an authenticated actor with write access to MISP elements and a subsequent PDF export of a report referencing those elements. The security impact is primarily to the integrity of the exported document and, depending on the HTML-to-PDF rendering engine, potential execution of injected markup during the conversion step.
Version affected: ≤2.5.45
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-10 17:01 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/949744a4b | patch |
Impacted products
GCVE extensions
AI-generated
Not human-reviewed
Draft
Confidence: medium
Model
qwen3.8:27b
advisory
bcp-05-x-01bcp-05-x-02
Draft vulnerability metadata was generated from a git-format patch using an Ollama-hosted language model. Human validation is required before publication.
ai-computer-assisted:llm-generatedai-computer-assisted:classification
| Model | Source | Identifier |
|---|---|---|
| qwen3.8:27b | ollama | qwen3.8:27b |
This metadata was derived automatically from a patch and is still a draft: human review is required before it can be considered authoritative.
- Generator
-
patch2vuln.pyon 2026-09-10 13:06 - Model
qwen3.8:27b- Input
-
https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/949744a4b.patch
300efd40407c… - Confidence
- medium
| Commit | Subject | Patch SHA-256 |
|---|---|---|
949744a4b6de
|
fix: [event-report] Render and escape MISP element references | 300efd40407c… |
Fix summary
The fix applies HTML entity encoding (via the h() helper, which wraps htmlspecialchars with ENT_QUOTES and UTF-8) to every user-controlled value interpolated into the HTML templates in the MISPElementHTMLFormatterTool. This ensures that attribute types, values, object names, relations, tag names, and colour values are treated as inert data and cannot inject markup or break out of the surrounding span/style context. The hardcoded sample values in the attribute() template are replaced with proper %s format placeholders so that the actual element data is rendered. Comprehensive unit tests are added to verify both correct rendering and escaping of hostile inputs across all four formatter methods.
Patch summary
In MISPElementHTMLFormatterTool.php: (1) the attribute() template's hardcoded 'domain-ip' and 'google.com' strings are replaced with %s placeholders; (2) all sprintf arguments in attribute(), objectAttribute(), object(), and tag() are wrapped with h() to HTML-encode the interpolated values (attribute type, value, object name, object_relation, tag name, colour, text_colour). A new test file MISPElementHTMLFormatterToolTest.php is added with 123 lines of PHPUnit tests covering: correct rendering of real values, HTML escaping of hostile payloads (script tags, span-breaking sequences, CSS attribute breakout via quotes), foreign-tag detection, and placeholder behaviour for objects without attributes.
CVSS rationale
AV:N: MISP is a network-accessible web application. AC:L: The attacker only needs to create or modify a MISP element with a crafted value; no race conditions or special timing are required. AT:N: No manipulation of the attack target is needed. PR:L: The attacker requires an authenticated account with permission to create or modify MISP attributes, objects, or tags. UI:N: The victim performs a normal, expected action (exporting a report to PDF); no unusual interaction is required to trigger the rendering of the injected content. VC:N: The primary impact is on the output document, not on reading confidential system data. VI:L: The integrity of the exported PDF is compromised by injected markup or incorrect data (hardcoded sample values). VA:N: No denial-of-service impact is evident. SC:N: No confirmed cross-system confidentiality impact. SI:L: The integrity of the exported document (a secondary asset) is affected; injected content could mislead readers or, if the PDF renderer executes scripts, affect the rendering environment. SA:N: No security-relevant impact on other systems is established by the evidence.
Weakness rationale
- CWE-79 User-controlled MISP element values (attribute values, object names, tag names, tag colours) are interpolated into HTML output without encoding, allowing injection of arbitrary HTML markup into the rendered document. Although the output target is a PDF rather than a browser page, the mechanism is identical to stored XSS: untrusted data is embedded in an HTML context without neutralization.
- CWE-116 The root cause is the absence of output encoding (htmlspecialchars) on all interpolated values in the HTML template strings. The tag() method additionally failed to escape colour values that are placed inside a CSS style attribute, enabling attribute-breakout injection.
Assumptions to verify
- The HTML-to-PDF rendering pipeline (convert_markdown_to_pdf) is assumed to render the generated HTML in a context where injected markup could be interpreted (e.g., headless browser or HTML-aware converter); if a purely static renderer is used, the impact is limited to document corruption.
- The attacker is assumed to have an authenticated MISP account with write access to attributes, objects, or tags; the specific role or permission level required is not stated in the patch.
- The exact fixed version is not specified in the patch metadata; the tag boundary (v2.5.46, 187 commits before the fix) indicates the fix post-dates v2.5.46 but the precise release is unknown.
- UI:N is assigned on the assumption that triggering the PDF export is a normal, expected user action and does not constitute a special interaction requirement beyond routine use of the application.
Model comparison
Selected qwen3.8:27b
by deterministic-consensus-v1
The selected result is closest to model consensus; this heuristic does not establish factual correctness and human review remains required.
| Model | Score | Agreement | Confidence | Assumptions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
qwen3.8:27b |
6 | 9 | medium | 4 |
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CVE-2026-88869 (GCVE-0-2026-88869)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-10 13:05 – Updated: 2026-09-10 15:01
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
AVideo AD_Server Stored XSS via log.php label parameter
Summary
AVideo through commit c3edcc274c389816d434acadac07ee78eaf330c1 contains a stored cross-site scripting vulnerability in the AD_Server plugin's log.php endpoint that fails to escape the label parameter before storage. An unauthenticated attacker can inject malicious HTML through the label parameter, which is later rendered unsanitized in the admin Ad Types report using jQuery .html(), allowing execution of arbitrary JavaScript in an administrator's browser session.
Severity
9.3 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-10 15:01 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/WWBN/AVideo/security/advisorie… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/avideo-ad-se… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-08-26 00:00
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CVE-2026-88868 (GCVE-0-2026-88868)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-10 13:05 – Updated: 2026-09-10 14:56
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
AVideo LiveLinks Stored XSS via title and description fields
Summary
AVideo through commit c3edcc274c389816d434acadac07ee78eaf330c1 contains a stored cross-site scripting vulnerability in the LiveLinks plugin where title and description fields are stored without sanitization. A user with canStream permission can inject malicious scripts that execute in the browser of every visitor viewing the live-link page, including administrators, within the site origin.
Severity
8.7 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-10 14:18 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/WWBN/AVideo/security/advisorie… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/avideo-livel… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-08-26 00:00
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CVE-2026-88867 (GCVE-0-2026-88867)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-10 13:05 – Updated: 2026-09-10 14:11
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
WWBN AVideo Stored XSS via Category Name and Icon Class
Summary
WWBN AVideo, in versions up to and including commit c3edcc274c389816d434acadac07ee78eaf330c1, contains a stored cross-site scripting vulnerability. objects/categoryAddNew.json.php passes the POST parameters `name` and `iconClass` to Category::setName() and Category::setIconClass(), which store the values without sanitization (setName only truncates to 45 characters). The category name is later echoed as HTML text and iconClass is echoed into a class attribute in view/modeYoutubeBottom.php and in Gallery cards (plugin/Gallery/functions.php). When the CustomizeUser option usersCanCreateNewCategories is enabled, any authenticated user with canUpload permission (granted by default via self-registration) can create a category containing a JavaScript payload; the payload then executes in the browser of any visitor, including administrators, who views a watch page or gallery entry for a video assigned to that category, allowing actions such as authenticated requests with the victim's session. The issue was unpatched at the time of reporting.
Severity
8.7 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-10 14:11 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/WWBN/AVideo/security/advisorie… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/wwbn-avideo-… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-08-26 00:00
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CVE-2026-88866 (GCVE-0-2026-88866)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-10 13:05 – Updated: 2026-09-15 14:19
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
WWBN AVideo LoginControl Stored XSS via User-Agent Header
Summary
WWBN AVideo through commit c3edcc274c389816d434acadac07ee78eaf330c1 contains a stored cross-site scripting vulnerability in the LoginControl plugin that fails to encode the User-Agent header before storing it in login history. Attackers with any valid login account can inject malicious scripts in the User-Agent header that execute in administrator browsers when viewing the Login History page, allowing script execution within the administrator session.
Severity
8.7 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-15 14:19 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/WWBN/AVideo/security/advisorie… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/wwbn-avideo-… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-08-27 00:00
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CVE-2026-88853 (GCVE-0-2026-88853)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-14 06:13 – Updated: 2026-09-15 04:41
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Joomla Extension - regularlabs.com - Privileged stored XSS via event handler option in Modals Pro extension for Joomla < 17.0.0
Summary
Joomla Extension - regularlabs.com - Privileged stored XSS via event handler option in Modals Pro extension for Joomla < 17.0.0 - Modals Pro intentionally supports JavaScript Events such as on-open and on-closed. Affected versions do not distinguish trusted extension configuration from event code supplied in ordinary article content. A lower-privileged author can therefore use a documented executable feature which should be reserved for trusted authors.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-14 14:55 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.regularlabs.com/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| regularlabs.com | Modals (Pro) extension for Joomla |
Affected:
4.7.0-16.2.0
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"vendor": "regularlabs.com",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "4.7.0-16.2.0"
}
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}
],
"descriptions": [
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"supportingMedia": [
{
"base64": false,
"type": "text/html",
"value": "Joomla Extension - regularlabs.com - Privileged stored XSS via event handler option in Modals Pro extension for Joomla \u003c 17.0.0 - Modals Pro intentionally supports JavaScript Events such as on-open and on-closed. Affected versions do not distinguish trusted extension configuration from event code supplied in ordinary article content. A lower-privileged author can therefore use a documented executable feature which should be reserved for trusted authors."
}
],
"value": "Joomla Extension - regularlabs.com - Privileged stored XSS via event handler option in Modals Pro extension for Joomla \u003c 17.0.0 - Modals Pro intentionally supports JavaScript Events such as on-open and on-closed. Affected versions do not distinguish trusted extension configuration from event code supplied in ordinary article content. A lower-privileged author can therefore use a documented executable feature which should be reserved for trusted authors."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV4_0": {
"Automatable": "NO",
"Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
"Safety": "NEGLIGIBLE",
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackRequirements": "PRESENT",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"baseScore": 7.5,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"exploitMaturity": "NOT_DEFINED",
"privilegesRequired": "HIGH",
"providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
"subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
"subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
"vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/S:N/AU:N",
"version": "4.0",
"vulnAvailabilityImpact": "LOW",
"vulnConfidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"vulnIntegrityImpact": "HIGH",
"vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"
},
"format": "CVSS",
"scenarios": [
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"value": "GENERAL"
}
]
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-79",
"description": "CWE-79 Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation (\u0027Cross-site Scripting\u0027)",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-09-15T04:41:10.488Z",
"orgId": "6ff30186-7fb7-4ad9-be33-533e7b05e586",
"shortName": "Joomla"
},
"references": [
{
"tags": [
"product"
],
"url": "https://www.regularlabs.com/"
}
],
"source": {
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "Joomla Extension - regularlabs.com - Privileged stored XSS via event handler option in Modals Pro extension for Joomla \u003c 17.0.0",
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"cveMetadata": {
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"assignerShortName": "Joomla",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-88853",
"datePublished": "2026-09-14T06:13:38.054Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-09-10T10:27:00.130Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-09-15T04:41:10.488Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
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Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
- Examples of libraries and frameworks that make it easier to generate properly encoded output include Microsoft's Anti-XSS library, the OWASP ESAPI Encoding module, and Apache Wicket.
Mitigation
Implementation
Architecture and Design
- Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
- For any data that will be output to another web page, especially any data that was received from external inputs, use the appropriate encoding on all non-alphanumeric characters.
- Parts of the same output document may require different encodings, which will vary depending on whether the output is in the:
- etc. Note that HTML Entity Encoding is only appropriate for the HTML body.
- Consult the XSS Prevention Cheat Sheet [REF-724] for more details on the types of encoding and escaping that are needed.
- HTML body
- Element attributes (such as src="XYZ")
- URIs
- JavaScript sections
- Cascading Style Sheets and style property
Mitigation MIT-6
Architecture and Design
Implementation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation MIT-27
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Parameterization
If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
Mitigation MIT-30.1
Implementation
Strategy: Output Encoding
- Use and specify an output encoding that can be handled by the downstream component that is reading the output. Common encodings include ISO-8859-1, UTF-7, and UTF-8. When an encoding is not specified, a downstream component may choose a different encoding, either by assuming a default encoding or automatically inferring which encoding is being used, which can be erroneous. When the encodings are inconsistent, the downstream component might treat some character or byte sequences as special, even if they are not special in the original encoding. Attackers might then be able to exploit this discrepancy and conduct injection attacks; they even might be able to bypass protection mechanisms that assume the original encoding is also being used by the downstream component.
- The problem of inconsistent output encodings often arises in web pages. If an encoding is not specified in an HTTP header, web browsers often guess about which encoding is being used. This can open up the browser to subtle XSS attacks.
Mitigation MIT-43
Implementation
With Struts, write all data from form beans with the bean's filter attribute set to true.
Mitigation MIT-31
Implementation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
To help mitigate XSS attacks against the user's session cookie, set the session cookie to be HttpOnly. In browsers that support the HttpOnly feature (such as more recent versions of Internet Explorer and Firefox), this attribute can prevent the user's session cookie from being accessible to malicious client-side scripts that use document.cookie. This is not a complete solution, since HttpOnly is not supported by all browsers. More importantly, XmlHttpRequest and other powerful browser technologies provide read access to HTTP headers, including the Set-Cookie header in which the HttpOnly flag is set.
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When dynamically constructing web pages, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set based on the expected value of the parameter in the request. All input should be validated and cleansed, not just parameters that the user is supposed to specify, but all data in the request, including hidden fields, cookies, headers, the URL itself, and so forth. A common mistake that leads to continuing XSS vulnerabilities is to validate only fields that are expected to be redisplayed by the site. It is common to see data from the request that is reflected by the application server or the application that the development team did not anticipate. Also, a field that is not currently reflected may be used by a future developer. Therefore, validating ALL parts of the HTTP request is recommended.
- Note that proper output encoding, escaping, and quoting is the most effective solution for preventing XSS, although input validation may provide some defense-in-depth. This is because it effectively limits what will appear in output. Input validation will not always prevent XSS, especially if you are required to support free-form text fields that could contain arbitrary characters. For example, in a chat application, the heart emoticon ("<3") would likely pass the validation step, since it is commonly used. However, it cannot be directly inserted into the web page because it contains the "<" character, which would need to be escaped or otherwise handled. In this case, stripping the "<" might reduce the risk of XSS, but it would produce incorrect behavior because the emoticon would not be recorded. This might seem to be a minor inconvenience, but it would be more important in a mathematical forum that wants to represent inequalities.
- Even if you make a mistake in your validation (such as forgetting one out of 100 input fields), appropriate encoding is still likely to protect you from injection-based attacks. As long as it is not done in isolation, input validation is still a useful technique, since it may significantly reduce your attack surface, allow you to detect some attacks, and provide other security benefits that proper encoding does not address.
- Ensure that you perform input validation at well-defined interfaces within the application. This will help protect the application even if a component is reused or moved elsewhere.
Mitigation MIT-21
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
Mitigation MIT-29
Operation
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Mitigation MIT-16
Operation
Implementation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.
CAPEC-209: XSS Using MIME Type Mismatch
An adversary creates a file with scripting content but where the specified MIME type of the file is such that scripting is not expected. The adversary tricks the victim into accessing a URL that responds with the script file. Some browsers will detect that the specified MIME type of the file does not match the actual type of its content and will automatically switch to using an interpreter for the real content type. If the browser does not invoke script filters before doing this, the adversary's script may run on the target unsanitized, possibly revealing the victim's cookies or executing arbitrary script in their browser.
CAPEC-588: DOM-Based XSS
This type of attack is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is inserted into the client-side HTML being parsed by a web browser. Content served by a vulnerable web application includes script code used to manipulate the Document Object Model (DOM). This script code either does not properly validate input, or does not perform proper output encoding, thus creating an opportunity for an adversary to inject a malicious script launch a XSS attack. A key distinction between other XSS attacks and DOM-based attacks is that in other XSS attacks, the malicious script runs when the vulnerable web page is initially loaded, while a DOM-based attack executes sometime after the page loads. Another distinction of DOM-based attacks is that in some cases, the malicious script is never sent to the vulnerable web server at all. An attack like this is guaranteed to bypass any server-side filtering attempts to protect users.
CAPEC-591: Reflected XSS
This type of attack is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is "reflected" off a vulnerable web application and then executed by a victim's browser. The process starts with an adversary delivering a malicious script to a victim and convincing the victim to send the script to the vulnerable web application.
CAPEC-592: Stored XSS
An adversary utilizes a form of Cross-site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is persistently "stored" within the data storage of a vulnerable web application as valid input.
CAPEC-63: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
An adversary embeds malicious scripts in content that will be served to web browsers. The goal of the attack is for the target software, the client-side browser, to execute the script with the users' privilege level. An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that are brought on by allowing remote hosts to execute code and scripts. Web browsers, for example, have some simple security controls in place, but if a remote attacker is allowed to execute scripts (through injecting them in to user-generated content like bulletin boards) then these controls may be bypassed. Further, these attacks are very difficult for an end user to detect.
CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting
This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.