Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-78
AllowedImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable
The product constructs all or part of an OS command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended OS command when it is sent to a downstream component.
9548 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-100559 (GCVE-0-2026-100559)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-26 02:18 – Updated: 2026-10-05 14:55
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
OpenClaw before 2026.8.1 Command Injection via Escaped Newlines
Summary
OpenClaw versions before 2026.8.1 contain a command parser vulnerability where escaped newlines confuse exec allowlist parsing, allowing hidden commands to execute. Attackers can craft input with escaped newlines to bypass allowlist validation and execute additional commands without expected authorization prompts.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-05 14:04 UTC
CWE
- CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/adv… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-bef… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-09-11 00:00
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CVE-2026-100382 (GCVE-0-2026-100382)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-25 21:04 – Updated: 2026-09-26 22:51
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Unauthenticated remote code execution through wikitext in ExternalData
Summary
Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection') vulnerability in Wikimedia Foundation Mediawiki - ExternalData Extension allows OS Command Injection.
This issue affects Mediawiki - ExternalData Extension: from * before 3.7.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-26 22:43 UTC
CWE
- CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Assigner
References
2 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wikimedia Foundation | Mediawiki - ExternalData Extension |
Affected:
* , < 3.7
(custom)
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CVE-2026-100368 (GCVE-0-2026-100368)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-25 19:53 – Updated: 2026-09-30 00:06
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
CliInvoke.Specializations: Command injection in PowerShell and Cmd shell wrappers
Summary
CliInvoke is a .NET library for invoking command-line programs, and its `CliInvoke.Specializations` packages provide specialized wrappers for shells such as PowerShell and Windows Command Prompt. `CliInvoke.Specializations` versions 2.2.0 through 2.8.4, 2.9.0 through 2.9.3, 2.10.0 through 2.10.4, 3.0.0-alpha.1 through 3.0.0-alpha.4, and 3.0.0-alpha.8 through 3.0.0-alpha.10, as well as `AlastairLundy.CliInvoke.Specializations` versions 1.0.0-rc.1 through 1.6.1.1, contain an OS command injection vulnerability in their PowerShell and Cmd wrappers. The wrappers pass a caller-controlled target and arguments to `pwsh -Command` or `cmd /c` using a single `ProcessStartInfo.Arguments` string, allowing a double quote in untrusted input to break operating-system-level quoting and cause the shell to execute an additional command with the host process's privileges. The vulnerability is patched in `CliInvoke.Specializations` versions 2.8.5, 2.9.4, 2.10.5, and 3.0.0-beta.1, and in `AlastairLundy.CliInvoke.Specializations` version 2.0.2. No complete workaround is available; users unable to upgrade should reject or remove double quotes from target paths and arguments, additionally reject shell metacharacters in versions 2.2.0 through 2.9.2 and 3.0.0-alpha.1 through 3.0.0-alpha.4, or bypass the PowerShell and Cmd wrappers and invoke target processes directly when handling untrusted input.
Severity
8.4 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-30 00:06 UTC
CWE
- CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/alastairlundy/CliInvoke/securi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| alastairlundy | CliInvoke.Specializations |
Affected:
>= 2.2.0, <= 2.8.4
Affected: >= 2.9.0, <= 2.9.3 Affected: >= 2.10.0, <= 2.10.4 Affected: >= 3.0.0-alpha.1, <= 3.0.0-alpha.4 Affected: >= 3.0.0-alpha.8, <= 3.0.0-alpha.10 Affected: >= 1.0.0-rc.1, <= 1.6.1.1 |
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CVE-2026-100292 (GCVE-0-2026-100292)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-29 19:35 – Updated: 2026-09-29 21:01
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Improper neutralization of special elements used in an OS command ('OS command injection') in Anjvision YSSD-RTMP-H5
Summary
In Anjvision YSSD‑RTMP‑H5 firmware version 3.3.2.4, a hidden debug interface can be enabled through an authenticated request, allowing additional commands to be sent to a backend service. Once active, this pathway can unintentionally expose system‑level functionality that could be misused if crafted inputs reach the underlying command handler.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-29 20:56 UTC
CWE
- CWE-78 - Improper neutralization of special elements used in an OS command ('OS command injection')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/i… | government-resource |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anjvision | YSSD-RTMP-H5 |
Affected:
Version 3.3.2.4 build 2024-12-26
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CVE-2026-97863 (GCVE-0-2026-97863)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-25 08:03 – Updated: 2026-09-25 13:19
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
misp-modules: Shell Command Injection in MISP cisco_firesight_manager_ACL_rule_export Module via Unescaped Attribute Values
Summary
The cisco_firesight_manager_ACL_rule_export module in misp-modules generates a shell script (.sh) that authenticates to and calls the Cisco fireSIGHT Manager API. The module interpolates configuration values (IP address, login, password, domain ID, policy ID) and MISP attribute values (destination IPs, URLs, event info comments) directly into single-quoted shell string assignments without any escaping or sanitization. Because the values are placed inside single-quoted shell strings, any value containing a single-quote character (e.g., a crafted ip-dst or url attribute value submitted to MISP) breaks out of the quoting context, allowing an attacker to inject arbitrary shell commands into the exported script. A security analyst who subsequently executes the generated .sh file unmodified would run the injected commands with their own privileges, potentially exposing fireSIGHT Manager credentials, modifying ACL rules, or compromising the analyst workstation. Additionally, the module contained a secondary defect where the variable 'config' was only assigned inside a conditional block but referenced unconditionally afterward, causing a NameError (denial of service) when the request payload lacked a 'config' key. The vulnerability requires the attacker to have the ability to submit MISP events or attributes containing a single-quote character and the victim to execute the exported script. No authentication bypass is required beyond standard MISP event-submission privileges.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-25 13:18 UTC
CWE
- CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ("Command Injection")
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/misp/misp-modules/commit/625b5… | patch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| misp | misp-modules |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 3.0.10
(semver)
|
GCVE extensions
AI-generated
Not human-reviewed
Confidence: high
Model
qwen3.8:27b
advisory
bcp-05-x-01bcp-05-x-02
Draft vulnerability metadata was generated from a git-format patch using an Ollama-hosted language model. Human validation is required before publication.
ai-computer-assisted:llm-generatedai-computer-assisted:classification
| Model | Source | Identifier |
|---|---|---|
| qwen3.8:27b | ollama | qwen3.8:27b |
- Generator
-
patch2vuln.pyon 2026-09-25 07:48 - Model
qwen3.8:27b- Input
-
https://github.com/elhoim/misp-modules/commit/625b54908efbd6acc8343aa3370d401dd370e748.patch
9c34349775d0… - Confidence
- high
| Commit | Subject | Patch SHA-256 |
|---|---|---|
625b54908efb
|
fix: [cisco_firesight_manager_ACL_rule_export] shell-escape | 9c34349775d0… |
Fix summary
All user-controlled and configuration values interpolated into the generated shell script are now passed through Python's shlex.quote() function, which produces a safely quoted string that cannot be broken out of by embedded shell metacharacters. For the JSON access-rule block that embeds multiple attribute values within a single shell assignment, the JSON content is first assembled as plain text and then the entire assembled string is shlex-quoted once, preventing stray quote characters from corrupting the outer quoting. The 'config' variable is now initialized to an empty dictionary before the conditional assignment, eliminating the NameError.
Patch summary
Added 'import shlex' at the top of the module. Replaced direct .format() interpolation of config values (fmc_ip_addr, fmc_login, fmc_pass, domain_id, acpolicy_id) with shlex.quote()-wrapped values. Refactored the BLOCK_JSON_TMPL to separate the JSON content template (BLOCK_JSON_CONTENT_TMPL) from the shell assignment template; the JSON content is formatted first with raw attribute values, then the resulting string is passed through shlex.quote() before being substituted into the shell assignment. Initialized 'config = {}' before the 'if "config" in request:' block to prevent NameError.
CVSS rationale
AV:N: The attacker submits crafted MISP attribute values over the network to a MISP instance. AC:L: Injecting a single-quote character into an attribute value is trivial and requires no race conditions or special timing. AT:N: No special data manipulation or prior access to the target system is needed beyond submitting an event. PR:L: The attacker needs only basic MISP user privileges to create or modify events/attributes. UI:A: The victim analyst must actively execute the generated .sh file for the injected commands to run. VC:N, VI:N, VA:N: The MISP instance itself is not directly compromised; the impact is on the downstream system where the script executes. SC:H: The injected commands can exfiltrate fireSIGHT Manager credentials and analyst system data. SI:H: Arbitrary command execution allows modification of ACL rules, system files, or other integrity-critical resources. SA:H: Injected commands can disrupt or destroy the analyst workstation or fireSIGHT Manager availability.
Weakness rationale
- CWE-78 The module constructs a shell script by interpolating untrusted values (MISP attribute values, configuration fields) into single-quoted shell strings without escaping. A single-quote character in any interpolated value breaks the quoting and allows arbitrary shell command injection. This is a textbook command injection via insufficient output encoding in a generated shell script.
Attack pattern rationale
- CAPEC-88 The attack pattern involves an attacker supplying input containing shell metacharacters (specifically a single quote) that is incorporated into a shell command or script without proper sanitization, resulting in execution of attacker-controlled commands. The patch confirms the vulnerable pattern: values are interpolated into single-quoted shell assignments, and the fix is to apply shlex.quote() to neutralize shell metacharacters. This is the closest and most specific CAPEC mapping for the observed vulnerability.
Assumptions to verify
- The CVSS UI metric is set to A (Active) because the victim analyst must deliberately execute the generated .sh file; CVSS v4.0 does not use the v3.x 'R' value.
- PR is set to L assuming the attacker holds a basic MISP user role sufficient to create or modify events and attributes; the patch does not specify exact role requirements.
- SC, SI, SA are rated H based on the potential for arbitrary command execution on the analyst workstation and the fireSIGHT Manager; actual impact depends on the analyst's local privileges and the fireSIGHT Manager's exposure.
- The CAPEC-88 mapping is the closest available pattern; the vulnerability is specifically an output-encoding failure in generated shell script rather than direct command-line injection, but CAPEC-88 is the narrowest defensible match.
- No specific affected or fixed version numbers are available from the patch metadata; the commit date (2026-08-31) is the only temporal anchor.
- The secondary NameError bug (config variable) is a minor denial-of-service issue included in the same patch but is not the primary security concern.
Model comparison
Selected qwen3.8:27b
by deterministic-consensus-v1
The selected result is closest to model consensus; this heuristic does not establish factual correctness and human review remains required.
| Model | Score | Agreement | Confidence | Assumptions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
qwen3.8:27b |
5 | 9 | high | 6 |
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CVE-2026-97366 (GCVE-0-2026-97366)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-24 20:15 – Updated: 2026-09-25 15:53
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
jhen0409 react-native-debugger Open in Editor window.js openDevTools os command injection
Summary
A security flaw has been discovered in jhen0409 react-native-debugger up to 0.14.0. The impacted element is the function openDevTools of the file electron/window.js of the component Open in Editor Handler. The manipulation of the argument host results in os command injection. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-25 15:53 UTC
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/409351 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/409351/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-97366 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/909329 | third-party-advisory |
| https://gist.github.com/Suuuuuzy/d25baf1973fd3c81… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| jhen0409 | react-native-debugger |
Affected:
0.1
Affected: 0.2 Affected: 0.3 Affected: 0.4 Affected: 0.5 Affected: 0.6 Affected: 0.7 Affected: 0.8 Affected: 0.9 Affected: 0.10 Affected: 0.11 Affected: 0.12 Affected: 0.13 Affected: 0.14.0 cpe:2.3:a:jhen0409:react-native-debugger:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-95675 (GCVE-0-2026-95675)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-22 13:49 – Updated: 2026-10-01 19:19
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
D-Link DAP-1360 6.14 Unauthenticated RCE via Web Management Interface
Summary
D-Link DAP-1360 firmware version 6.14 and earlier contains an unauthenticated remote code execution vulnerability that allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands as root by sending crafted requests to the device's web management interface without valid credentials. Attackers can fully compromise the device to persistently modify its configuration and use it as a pivot point into the local network.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-22 17:19 UTC
CWE
- CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://supportannouncement.us.dlink.com/security… | vendor-advisoryissue-tracking |
| https://www.d6fault.dev/blog/dlink-dap1360-os-com… | technical-descriptionexploit |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/d-link-dap-1… |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-09-22 00:00
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CVE-2026-95660 (GCVE-0-2026-95660)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-22 18:00 – Updated: 2026-09-22 19:05
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Moonshot AI Kimi Code MCP Configuration Loader config-loader.ts os command injection
Summary
A security flaw has been discovered in Moonshot AI Kimi Code up to 0.31.0. The affected element is an unknown function of the file agent-core-v2/src/agent/mcp/config-loader.ts of the component MCP Configuration Loader. The manipulation results in os command injection. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks. Upgrading to version 0.31.1 is sufficient to fix this issue. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. Beyond the trust prompt, the fix resolves fd/stty binaries to absolute paths specifically "so untrusted workspaces cannot plant bare-name executables before confirmation," fixing a secondary $PATH path-planting vector alongside the primary untrusted-.mcp.json auto-spawn.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-22 19:05 UTC
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/408415 | vdb-entry |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/408415/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-95660 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/897071 | third-party-advisory |
| https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GPDw0UzUkgfXR… | exploit |
| https://github.com/MoonshotAI/kimi-code/releases/… | patch |
| https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GPDw0UzUkgfXR… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Moonshot AI | Kimi Code |
Affected:
0.1
Affected: 0.2 Affected: 0.3 Affected: 0.4 Affected: 0.5 Affected: 0.6 Affected: 0.7 Affected: 0.8 Affected: 0.9 Affected: 0.10 Affected: 0.11 Affected: 0.12 Affected: 0.13 Affected: 0.14 Affected: 0.15 Affected: 0.16 Affected: 0.17 Affected: 0.18 Affected: 0.19 Affected: 0.20 Affected: 0.21 Affected: 0.22 Affected: 0.23 Affected: 0.24 Affected: 0.25 Affected: 0.26 Affected: 0.27 Affected: 0.28 Affected: 0.29 Affected: 0.30 Affected: 0.31.0 Unaffected: 0.31.1 cpe:2.3:a:moonshot_ai:kimi_code:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-95521 (GCVE-0-2026-95521)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-24 13:26 – Updated: 2026-09-24 15:02
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Rpm: rpm: shell command injection via macro expansion of source/spec file basenames when installing a source rpm
Summary
A command injection flaw was found in rpm. Installing or rebuilding a source RPM whose source or spec file basenames contain a %() macro construct causes rpm to execute an attacker-controlled shell command via popen() while relocating the source file list. This allows arbitrary command execution as the invoking (typically non-root) user, simply by installing, rebuilding, or otherwise processing an untrusted .src.rpm.
Severity
7.8 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-24 15:01 UTC
CWE
- CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-95521 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2537812 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
6 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Hardened Images |
cpe:/a:redhat:hummingbird:1
|
Date Public
2026-09-24 12:35
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CVE-2026-95519 (GCVE-0-2026-95519)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-24 13:26 – Updated: 2026-09-25 12:28
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Rpm: code execution via macro expansion of manifest entries in `rpmgi` (`-q -p` / verify manifest flows)
Summary
A flaw was found in rpm. An attacker can supply a crafted manifest file that, when processed by a user or automation using `rpm -q -p` or similar manifest-processing flows, leads to arbitrary code execution. This occurs because manifest entries are unexpectedly macro-expanded before being opened, allowing embedded shell commands to run with the privileges of the `rpm` process. Successful exploitation can lead to a full compromise of confidentiality, integrity, and availability for the affected account.
Severity
7.8 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-25 03:55 UTC
CWE
- CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-95519 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2470977 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
6 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Hardened Images |
cpe:/a:redhat:hummingbird:1
|
Date Public
2026-09-24 12:35
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Mitigation
Architecture and Design
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation MIT-22
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
For any data that will be used to generate a command to be executed, keep as much of that data out of external control as possible. For example, in web applications, this may require storing the data locally in the session's state instead of sending it out to the client in a hidden form field.
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation MIT-4.3
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
Mitigation MIT-28
Implementation
Strategy: Output Encoding
While it is risky to use dynamically-generated query strings, code, or commands that mix control and data together, sometimes it may be unavoidable. Properly quote arguments and escape any special characters within those arguments. The most conservative approach is to escape or filter all characters that do not pass an extremely strict allowlist (such as everything that is not alphanumeric or white space). If some special characters are still needed, such as white space, wrap each argument in quotes after the escaping/filtering step. Be careful of argument injection (CWE-88).
Mitigation
Implementation
If the program to be executed allows arguments to be specified within an input file or from standard input, then consider using that mode to pass arguments instead of the command line.
Mitigation MIT-27
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Parameterization
- If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
- Some languages offer multiple functions that can be used to invoke commands. Where possible, identify any function that invokes a command shell using a single string, and replace it with a function that requires individual arguments. These functions typically perform appropriate quoting and filtering of arguments. For example, in C, the system() function accepts a string that contains the entire command to be executed, whereas execl(), execve(), and others require an array of strings, one for each argument. In Windows, CreateProcess() only accepts one command at a time. In Perl, if system() is provided with an array of arguments, then it will quote each of the arguments.
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When constructing OS command strings, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set based on the expected value of the parameter in the request. This will indirectly limit the scope of an attack, but this technique is less important than proper output encoding and escaping.
- Note that proper output encoding, escaping, and quoting is the most effective solution for preventing OS command injection, although input validation may provide some defense-in-depth. This is because it effectively limits what will appear in output. Input validation will not always prevent OS command injection, especially if you are required to support free-form text fields that could contain arbitrary characters. For example, when invoking a mail program, you might need to allow the subject field to contain otherwise-dangerous inputs like ";" and ">" characters, which would need to be escaped or otherwise handled. In this case, stripping the character might reduce the risk of OS command injection, but it would produce incorrect behavior because the subject field would not be recorded as the user intended. This might seem to be a minor inconvenience, but it could be more important when the program relies on well-structured subject lines in order to pass messages to other components.
- Even if you make a mistake in your validation (such as forgetting one out of 100 input fields), appropriate encoding is still likely to protect you from injection-based attacks. As long as it is not done in isolation, input validation is still a useful technique, since it may significantly reduce your attack surface, allow you to detect some attacks, and provide other security benefits that proper encoding does not address.
Mitigation MIT-21
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
Mitigation MIT-32
Operation
Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation MIT-32
Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation MIT-39
Implementation
- Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
- If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
- Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
- In the context of OS Command Injection, error information passed back to the user might reveal whether an OS command is being executed and possibly which command is being used.
Mitigation
Operation
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
Use runtime policy enforcement to create an allowlist of allowable commands, then prevent use of any command that does not appear in the allowlist. Technologies such as AppArmor are available to do this.
Mitigation MIT-29
Operation
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Mitigation MIT-17
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-16
Operation
Implementation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.
CAPEC-108: Command Line Execution through SQL Injection
An attacker uses standard SQL injection methods to inject data into the command line for execution. This could be done directly through misuse of directives such as MSSQL_xp_cmdshell or indirectly through injection of data into the database that would be interpreted as shell commands. Sometime later, an unscrupulous backend application (or could be part of the functionality of the same application) fetches the injected data stored in the database and uses this data as command line arguments without performing proper validation. The malicious data escapes that data plane by spawning new commands to be executed on the host.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-6: Argument Injection
An attacker changes the behavior or state of a targeted application through injecting data or command syntax through the targets use of non-validated and non-filtered arguments of exposed services or methods.
CAPEC-88: OS Command Injection
In this type of an attack, an adversary injects operating system commands into existing application functions. An application that uses untrusted input to build command strings is vulnerable. An adversary can leverage OS command injection in an application to elevate privileges, execute arbitrary commands and compromise the underlying operating system.