CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2580 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-W3M5-M73F-FM2C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-25 18:30 – Updated: 2023-03-30 21:30A vulnerability classified as problematic has been found in Arno0x TwoFactorAuth. This affects an unknown part of the file login/login.php. The manipulation of the argument from leads to open redirect. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. This product does not use versioning. This is why information about affected and unaffected releases are unavailable. The name of the patch is 8549ad3cf197095f783643e41333586d6a4d0e54. It is recommended to apply a patch to fix this issue. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-223803.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-15030"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-03-25T18:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability classified as problematic has been found in Arno0x TwoFactorAuth. This affects an unknown part of the file login/login.php. The manipulation of the argument from leads to open redirect. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. This product does not use versioning. This is why information about affected and unaffected releases are unavailable. The name of the patch is 8549ad3cf197095f783643e41333586d6a4d0e54. It is recommended to apply a patch to fix this issue. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-223803.",
"id": "GHSA-w3m5-m73f-fm2c",
"modified": "2023-03-30T21:30:24Z",
"published": "2023-03-25T18:30:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-15030"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Arno0x/TwoFactorAuth/pull/3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Arno0x/TwoFactorAuth/commit/8549ad3cf197095f783643e41333586d6a4d0e54"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.223803"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.223803"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-W3P6-94X2-XCVM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 04:03 – Updated: 2023-08-04 23:08Open redirect vulnerability in Apache Ambari before 2.1.2 allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a URL in the targetURI parameter.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.ambari:ambari"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.7.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.1.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-5210"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-08-04T23:08:41Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2015-11-02T19:59:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in Apache Ambari before 2.1.2 allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a URL in the targetURI parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-w3p6-94x2-xcvm",
"modified": "2023-08-04T23:08:41Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T04:03:11Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-5210"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/AMBARI/Ambari+Vulnerabilities#AmbariVulnerabilities-FixedinAmbari2.1.2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2015/10/13/4"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [],
"summary": "Apache Ambari Open Redirect"
}
GHSA-W442-Q9G5-Q7V3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-11-01 12:00 – Updated: 2022-11-02 12:00The Zoom Client for Meetings (for Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, and Windows) before version 5.12.2 is susceptible to a URL parsing vulnerability. If a malicious Zoom meeting URL is opened, the malicious link may direct the user to connect to an arbitrary network address, leading to additional attacks including session takeovers.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-28763"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-10-31T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The Zoom Client for Meetings (for Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, and Windows) before version 5.12.2 is susceptible to a URL parsing vulnerability. If a malicious Zoom meeting URL is opened, the malicious link may direct the user to connect to an arbitrary network address, leading to additional attacks including session takeovers.",
"id": "GHSA-w442-q9g5-q7v3",
"modified": "2022-11-02T12:00:44Z",
"published": "2022-11-01T12:00:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-28763"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://explore.zoom.us/en/trust/security/security-bulletin"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-W47Q-3FHM-CHGW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 02:15 – Updated: 2022-05-17 02:15There is URL Redirector Abuse in MetInfo through 5.3.17 via the gourl parameter to member/login.php.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-11718"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-07-28T05:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "There is URL Redirector Abuse in MetInfo through 5.3.17 via the gourl parameter to member/login.php.",
"id": "GHSA-w47q-3fhm-chgw",
"modified": "2022-05-17T02:15:36Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T02:15:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-11718"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lncken.cn/?p=350"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-W4CX-23FP-XC39
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-10-02 15:31 – Updated: 2026-10-02 15:31URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in Mehul Gohil Aculect AI Companion aculect-ai-companion allows Phishing.This issue affects Aculect AI Companion: from n/a through 0.8.1.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-39600"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-10-02T15:17:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in Mehul Gohil Aculect AI Companion aculect-ai-companion allows Phishing.This issue affects Aculect AI Companion: from n/a through 0.8.1.",
"id": "GHSA-w4cx-23fp-xc39",
"modified": "2026-10-02T15:31:26Z",
"published": "2026-10-02T15:31:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-39600"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/aculect-ai-companion/vulnerability/wordpress-aculect-ai-companion-plugin-0-8-1-unvalidated-redirects-and-forwards-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-W4R7-VM83-Q2C7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-06 00:30 – Updated: 2025-03-08 01:12Open redirect vulnerability exists in web2py versions prior to 2.23.1. When using the tool, a web2py user may be redirected to an arbitrary website by accessing a specially crafted URL. As a result, the user may become a victim of a phishing attack.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "web2py"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.23.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-22432"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-03-13T20:41:00Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-03-06T00:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability exists in web2py versions prior to 2.23.1. When using the tool, a web2py user may be redirected to an arbitrary website by accessing a specially crafted URL. As a result, the user may become a victim of a phishing attack.",
"id": "GHSA-w4r7-vm83-q2c7",
"modified": "2025-03-08T01:12:57Z",
"published": "2023-03-06T00:30:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-22432"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN78253670"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://web2py.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://web2py.com/init/default/download"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Open redirect in web2py"
}
GHSA-W5MC-2VJJ-8X3J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-23 12:31 – Updated: 2026-09-23 12:31URL redirection to untrusted site ('open redirect') vulnerability in Abis Technology Ltd. Co. AVESİS allows Input Data Manipulation.
This issue affects AVESİS: from 202608201331 before 202608240351.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-80444"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-23T12:17:07Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL redirection to untrusted site (\u0027open redirect\u0027) vulnerability in Abis Technology Ltd. Co. AVES\u0130S allows Input Data Manipulation.\n\nThis issue affects AVES\u0130S: from 202608201331 before 202608240351.",
"id": "GHSA-w5mc-2vjj-8x3j",
"modified": "2026-09-23T12:31:15Z",
"published": "2026-09-23T12:31:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-80444"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://siberguvenlik.gov.tr/guvenlik-bildirimleri/detay/tr-26-1159"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-W673-8FJW-457C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-27 18:06 – Updated: 2026-03-27 18:06Impact
An authenticated user with permission to create or modify workflows could configure a Form Node with an unsanitized HTML description field or exploit an overly permissive iframe sandbox policy to perform stored cross-site scripting or redirect end users visiting the form to an arbitrary external URL. The vulnerability could be used to facilitate phishing attacks.
Patches
The issue has been fixed in n8n versions 1.123.24, 2.10.4 and 2.12.0. Users should upgrade to one of these versions or later to remediate the vulnerability.
Workarounds
If upgrading is not immediately possible, administrators should consider the following temporary mitigations:
- Limit workflow creation and editing permissions to fully trusted users only.
- Disable the Form node by adding n8n-nodes-base.form to the NODES_EXCLUDE environment variable.
- Disable the Form Trigger node by adding n8n-nodes-base.formTrigger to the NODES_EXCLUDE environment variable.
These workarounds do not fully remediate the risk and should only be used as short-term mitigation measures.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "n8n"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.11.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.12.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "n8n"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.0.0-rc.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.10.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "n8n"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.123.24"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601",
"CWE-79"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-27T18:06:28Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "## Impact\nAn authenticated user with permission to create or modify workflows could configure a Form Node with an unsanitized HTML description field or exploit an overly permissive iframe sandbox policy to perform stored cross-site scripting or redirect end users visiting the form to an arbitrary external URL. The vulnerability could be used to facilitate phishing attacks.\n\n## Patches\nThe issue has been fixed in n8n versions 1.123.24, 2.10.4 and 2.12.0. Users should upgrade to one of these versions or later to remediate the vulnerability.\n\n## Workarounds\nIf upgrading is not immediately possible, administrators should consider the following temporary mitigations:\n- Limit workflow creation and editing permissions to fully trusted users only.\n- Disable the Form node by adding `n8n-nodes-base.form` to the `NODES_EXCLUDE` environment variable.\n- Disable the Form Trigger node by adding `n8n-nodes-base.formTrigger` to the `NODES_EXCLUDE` environment variable.\n\nThese workarounds do not fully remediate the risk and should only be used as short-term mitigation measures.",
"id": "GHSA-w673-8fjw-457c",
"modified": "2026-03-27T18:06:28Z",
"published": "2026-03-27T18:06:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/security/advisories/GHSA-w673-8fjw-457c"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "n8n: Authenticated XSS and Open Redirect via Form Node"
}
GHSA-W745-XJQX-7WP8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-06 19:24 – Updated: 2023-07-06 21:49A vulnerability has been found in Artesãos SEOTools up to and including version 0.17.1. This vulnerability affects the function setTitle of the file SEOMeta.php. The manipulation of the argument title leads to open redirect. Upgrading to version 0.17.2 is able to address this issue. The name of the patch is ca27cd0edf917e0bc805227013859b8b5a1f01fb. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "artesaos/seotools"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.17.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-36664"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-07-06T21:49:11Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-03-04T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been found in Artes\u00e3os SEOTools up to and including version 0.17.1. This vulnerability affects the function setTitle of the file SEOMeta.php. The manipulation of the argument title leads to open redirect. Upgrading to version 0.17.2 is able to address this issue. The name of the patch is ca27cd0edf917e0bc805227013859b8b5a1f01fb. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component.",
"id": "GHSA-w745-xjqx-7wp8",
"modified": "2023-07-06T21:49:11Z",
"published": "2023-07-06T19:24:11Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-36664"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/artesaos/seotools/pull/201"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/artesaos/seotools/commit/ca27cd0edf917e0bc805227013859b8b5a1f01fb"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/artesaos/seotools"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/artesaos/seotools/releases/tag/v0.17.2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.222232"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.222232"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Artes\u00e3os SEOTools Open Redirect vulnerability"
}
GHSA-W78C-FX7Q-9X8M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-13 06:33 – Updated: 2026-09-13 12:31The User Registration & Membership WordPress plugin before 5.2.8 does not validate the destination of a post-login redirect before redirecting, allowing unauthenticated attackers to redirect visitors to an arbitrary external URL, which can be abused for phishing.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-80072"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-13T06:16:25Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The User Registration \u0026 Membership WordPress plugin before 5.2.8 does not validate the destination of a post-login redirect before redirecting, allowing unauthenticated attackers to redirect visitors to an arbitrary external URL, which can be abused for phishing.",
"id": "GHSA-w78c-fx7q-9x8m",
"modified": "2026-09-13T12:31:09Z",
"published": "2026-09-13T06:33:11Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-80072"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/0af2c06d-87a0-4be7-a409-ffb7ad958aad"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.