Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-601

Allowed

URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.

2583 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-VWXJ-GPP4-VGCX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:37 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:37
VLAI
Details

IBM Connections 5.0, 5.5, and 6.0 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 135521.

Severity
6.1 (Medium)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-1748"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-06-04T17:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "IBM Connections 5.0, 5.5, and 6.0 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 135521.",
  "id": "GHSA-vwxj-gpp4-vgcx",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:37:01Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:37:01Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-1748"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/135521"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg22016698"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VX7G-39P9-2R2G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:48 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:45
VLAI
Details

Open redirect vulnerability in Xsuite 2.4.4.5 and earlier allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a URL in the redirurl parameter.

Severity
6.1 (Medium)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2015-4668"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2017-09-25T17:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Open redirect vulnerability in Xsuite 2.4.4.5 and earlier allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a URL in the redirurl parameter.",
  "id": "GHSA-vx7g-39p9-2r2g",
  "modified": "2025-04-20T03:45:48Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T02:48:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-4668"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.ca.com/us/product-content/recommended-reading/security-notices/ca20180614-01--security-notice-for-ca-privileged-access-manager.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/37708"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.modzero.ch/advisories/MZ-15-02-Xceedium-Xsuite.txt"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/536058/100/0/threaded"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VXF5-WXWP-M7G9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-08-12 14:51 – Updated: 2022-04-28 20:32
VLAI
Summary
Open Redirect in Next.js
Details

Next.js is an open source website development framework to be used with the React library. In affected versions specially encoded paths could be used when pages/_error.js was statically generated, allowing an open redirect to occur to an external site. In general, this redirect does not directly harm users although it can allow for phishing attacks by redirecting to an attacker's domain from a trusted domain.

Impact

  • Affected: Users of Next.js between 10.0.5 and 10.2.0
  • Affected: Users of Next.js between 11.0.0 and 11.0.1 using pages/_error.js without getInitialProps
  • Affected: Users of Next.js between 11.0.0 and 11.0.1 using pages/_error.js and next export
  • Not affected: Deployments on Vercel (vercel.com) are not affected
  • Not affected: Deployments with pages/404.js
  • Note that versions prior to 0.9.9 package next npm package hosted a different utility (0.4.1 being the latest version of that codebase), and this advisory does not apply to those versions.

We recommend upgrading to the latest version of Next.js to improve the overall security of your application.

Patches

https://github.com/vercel/next.js/releases/tag/v11.1.0

Severity
6.9 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "next"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.9.9"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "11.1.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-37699"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2021-08-12T14:50:18Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-08-12T00:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Next.js is an open source website development framework to be used with the React library. In affected versions specially encoded paths could be used when `pages/_error.js` was statically generated, allowing an open redirect to occur to an external site. In general, this redirect does not directly harm users although it can allow for phishing attacks by redirecting to an attacker\u0027s domain from a trusted domain.\n\n### Impact\n\n- **Affected:** Users of Next.js between `10.0.5` and `10.2.0`\n- **Affected:** Users of Next.js between `11.0.0` and `11.0.1` using `pages/_error.js` without `getInitialProps`\n- **Affected:** Users of Next.js between `11.0.0` and `11.0.1` using `pages/_error.js` and `next export`\n- **Not affected**: Deployments on Vercel ([vercel.com](https://vercel.com)) are not affected\n- **Not affected:** Deployments **with** `pages/404.js`\n- Note that versions prior to 0.9.9 package `next` npm package hosted a different utility (0.4.1 being the latest version of that codebase), and this advisory does not apply to those versions.\n\nWe recommend upgrading to the latest version of Next.js to improve the overall security of your application.\n\n### Patches\n\nhttps://github.com/vercel/next.js/releases/tag/v11.1.0",
  "id": "GHSA-vxf5-wxwp-m7g9",
  "modified": "2022-04-28T20:32:19Z",
  "published": "2021-08-12T14:51:14Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/vercel/next.js/security/advisories/GHSA-vxf5-wxwp-m7g9"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-37699"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/vercel/next.js"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/vercel/next.js/releases/tag/v11.1.0"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Open Redirect in Next.js"
}

GHSA-VXRH-JFCH-HQCF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-11 03:30 – Updated: 2024-02-17 00:31
VLAI
Details

Glewlwyd SSO server 2.x through 2.7.6 allows open redirection via redirect_uri.

Severity
6.1 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-25715"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-02-11T03:15:09Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Glewlwyd SSO server 2.x through 2.7.6 allows open redirection via redirect_uri.",
  "id": "GHSA-vxrh-jfch-hqcf",
  "modified": "2024-02-17T00:31:38Z",
  "published": "2024-02-11T03:30:17Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-25715"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/babelouest/glewlwyd/commit/59239381a88c505ab38fe64fdd92f846defa5754"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/babelouest/glewlwyd/commit/c91c0155f2393274cc18efe77e06c6846e404c75"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-W228-RFPX-FHM4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-23 16:21 – Updated: 2024-04-23 16:21
VLAI
Summary
cg vulnerable to an Open Redirect Vulnerability on Referer Header
Details

Summary

A vulnerability has been discovered in the handling of the referrer header in the application, which could allow an attacker to conduct open redirects. The issue arises from improper validation of the referrer header in certain conditions. By manipulating the referrer header, an attacker could potentially redirect users to malicious websites, phishing pages, or other dangerous destinations.

PoC

If you change the referer header, you will be redirected to that domain without verifying.

https://github.com/Clinical-Genomics/cg/blob/master/cg/server/invoices/views.py#L173

Impact

An attacker exploiting this vulnerability could trick users into visiting malicious websites or disclose sensitive information by redirecting them to unintended destinations. This could lead to various attacks including phishing, malware distribution, or further exploitation of other vulnerabilities.

Severity
6.1 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "cg"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "60.2.12"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-04-23T16:21:22Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nA vulnerability has been discovered in the handling of the referrer header in the application, which could allow an attacker to conduct open redirects. The issue arises from improper validation of the referrer header in certain conditions. By manipulating the referrer header, an attacker could potentially redirect users to malicious websites, phishing pages, or other dangerous destinations.\n\n### PoC\n\nIf you change the referer header, you will be redirected to that domain without verifying.\n\nhttps://github.com/Clinical-Genomics/cg/blob/master/cg/server/invoices/views.py#L173\n\n### Impact\n\nAn attacker exploiting this vulnerability could trick users into visiting malicious websites or disclose sensitive information by redirecting them to unintended destinations. This could lead to various attacks including phishing, malware distribution, or further exploitation of other vulnerabilities.",
  "id": "GHSA-w228-rfpx-fhm4",
  "modified": "2024-04-23T16:21:22Z",
  "published": "2024-04-23T16:21:22Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/Clinical-Genomics/cg/security/advisories/GHSA-w228-rfpx-fhm4"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/Clinical-Genomics/cg/commit/96e6a968a5a3639cc40ad251ad65952e4f38dd25"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/Clinical-Genomics/cg"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/Clinical-Genomics/cg/blob/master/cg/server/invoices/views.py#L173"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "cg vulnerable to an Open Redirect Vulnerability on Referer Header"
}

GHSA-W26H-G22F-G53G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-03-27 15:30 – Updated: 2025-05-13 15:32
VLAI
Details

URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in Uncanny Owl Uncanny Toolkit for LearnDash.This issue affects Uncanny Toolkit for LearnDash: from n/a through 3.6.4.3.

Severity
4.7 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-34020"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-03-27T14:15:08Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in Uncanny Owl Uncanny Toolkit for LearnDash.This issue affects Uncanny Toolkit for LearnDash: from n/a through 3.6.4.3.",
  "id": "GHSA-w26h-g22f-g53g",
  "modified": "2025-05-13T15:32:01Z",
  "published": "2024-03-27T15:30:37Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-34020"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/uncanny-learndash-toolkit/wordpress-uncanny-toolkit-for-learndash-plugin-3-6-4-3-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-W2C2-H6W5-J5PF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:05 – Updated: 2024-04-04 02:45
VLAI
Details

Open redirect vulnerability in PowerCMS 5.12 and earlier (PowerCMS 5.x), 4.42 and earlier (PowerCMS 4.x), and 3.293 and earlier (PowerCMS 3.x) allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a specially crafted URL.

Severity
6.1 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-6020"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-12-26T16:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Open redirect vulnerability in PowerCMS 5.12 and earlier (PowerCMS 5.x), 4.42 and earlier (PowerCMS 4.x), and 3.293 and earlier (PowerCMS 3.x) allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a specially crafted URL.",
  "id": "GHSA-w2c2-h6w5-j5pf",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T02:45:36Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:05:07Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-6020"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.powercms.jp/news/release-powercms-201910.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN34634458/index.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-W2J7-F3C6-G8CW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-23 22:46 – Updated: 2026-06-23 22:46
VLAI
Summary
Flask-Security has an Open Redirect issue
Details

Open Redirect in Flask-Security

Summary

flask_security.utils.validate_redirect_url() can allow an attacker-controlled redirect URL when subdomain redirects are enabled.

The bypass uses a backslash inside the URL authority/host:

http://evil.com\.whitelist.com
http://evil.com%5C.whitelist.com

Python's urlsplit() parses the full authority as evil.com\.whitelist.com or evil.com%5C.whitelist.com. Because the value ends with .whitelist.com, validate_redirect_url() accepts it as an allowed subdomain of whitelist.com.

This is similar in class to the previous Flask-Security-Too open redirect advisory CVE-2023-49438 / GHSA-672h-6x89-76m5, where crafted redirect URLs bypassed validation through browser URL normalization behavior.

Affected Configuration

The issue requires subdomain redirects to be enabled:

SERVER_NAME = "whitelist.com"
SECURITY_REDIRECT_ALLOW_SUBDOMAINS = True

Tested environment:

Flask-Security: 5.8.0
Flask: 3.1.3
Werkzeug: 3.1.8

Impact

An attacker can craft a URL that passes Flask-Security's redirect validation and produces a 302 response to an attacker-controlled URL-like authority.

This can be used for phishing or other attacks that rely on a trusted application redirecting users to an attacker-controlled destination.

Proof of Concept

PoC Flask App

from __future__ import annotations

from importlib.metadata import version
from urllib.parse import urlsplit

from flask import Flask, jsonify, redirect, request

from flask_security.utils import validate_redirect_url


app = Flask(__name__)
app.config.update(
    SECRET_KEY="poc-only",
    SERVER_NAME="whitelist.com",
    SECURITY_REDIRECT_ALLOW_SUBDOMAINS=True,
    SECURITY_REDIRECT_BASE_DOMAIN=None,
    SECURITY_REDIRECT_ALLOWED_SUBDOMAINS=[],
)


@app.get("/")
def index():
    return jsonify(
        flask_version=version("Flask"),
        configured_server_name=app.config["SERVER_NAME"],
        examples=[
            r"http://evil.com\.whitelist.com",
            "http://evil.com%5C.whitelist.com",
            "http://sub.whitelist.com",
            "http://sub.not-whitelist.com",
        ],
    )


@app.get("/check")
def check():
    next_url = request.args.get("next", "")
    parsed = urlsplit(next_url)

    return jsonify(
        next=next_url,
        valid=validate_redirect_url(next_url),
        parsed={
            "scheme": parsed.scheme,
            "netloc": parsed.netloc,
            "hostname": parsed.hostname,
            "path": parsed.path,
        },
    )


@app.get("/redir")
def redir():
    next_url = request.args.get("next", "")
    if not validate_redirect_url(next_url):
        return jsonify(error="blocked", next=next_url), 400

    return redirect(next_url)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    app.run(host="127.0.0.1", port=5000, debug=False)

Steps to Reproduce

Run the PoC with the target project's Flask version:

.venv/bin/python poc_redirect_app.py

The invalid comparison case is correctly blocked:

http://127.0.0.1:5000/redir?next=http://evil.com

Observed result:

image

Check the validation result:

http://127.0.0.1:5000/check?next=http://evil.com%5C.whitelist.com

Observed result:

image

References

  • CVE-2023-49438: https://advisories.gitlab.com/pypi/flask-security-too/CVE-2023-49438/
  • GHSA-672h-6x89-76m5: https://osv.dev/vulnerability/CVE-2023-49438
  • NVD entry for CVE-2023-49438: https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-49438
Severity
4.7 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 5.8.0"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "Flask-Security"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "5.8.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-23T22:46:31Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "# Open Redirect in Flask-Security\n\n## Summary\n\n`flask_security.utils.validate_redirect_url()` can allow an attacker-controlled redirect URL when subdomain redirects are enabled.\n\nThe bypass uses a backslash inside the URL authority/host:\n\n```text\nhttp://evil.com\\.whitelist.com\nhttp://evil.com%5C.whitelist.com\n```\n\nPython\u0027s `urlsplit()` parses the full authority as `evil.com\\.whitelist.com` or `evil.com%5C.whitelist.com`. Because the value ends with `.whitelist.com`, `validate_redirect_url()` accepts it as an allowed subdomain of `whitelist.com`.\n\nThis is similar in class to the previous Flask-Security-Too open redirect advisory CVE-2023-49438 / GHSA-672h-6x89-76m5, where crafted redirect URLs bypassed validation through browser URL normalization behavior.\n\n## Affected Configuration\n\nThe issue requires subdomain redirects to be enabled:\n\n```python\nSERVER_NAME = \"whitelist.com\"\nSECURITY_REDIRECT_ALLOW_SUBDOMAINS = True\n```\n\nTested environment:\n\n```text\nFlask-Security: 5.8.0\nFlask: 3.1.3\nWerkzeug: 3.1.8\n```\n\n## Impact\n\nAn attacker can craft a URL that passes Flask-Security\u0027s redirect validation and produces a `302` response to an attacker-controlled URL-like authority.\n\nThis can be used for phishing or other attacks that rely on a trusted application redirecting users to an attacker-controlled destination.\n\n## Proof of Concept\n\n### PoC Flask App\n\n```python\nfrom __future__ import annotations\n\nfrom importlib.metadata import version\nfrom urllib.parse import urlsplit\n\nfrom flask import Flask, jsonify, redirect, request\n\nfrom flask_security.utils import validate_redirect_url\n\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\napp.config.update(\n    SECRET_KEY=\"poc-only\",\n    SERVER_NAME=\"whitelist.com\",\n    SECURITY_REDIRECT_ALLOW_SUBDOMAINS=True,\n    SECURITY_REDIRECT_BASE_DOMAIN=None,\n    SECURITY_REDIRECT_ALLOWED_SUBDOMAINS=[],\n)\n\n\n@app.get(\"/\")\ndef index():\n    return jsonify(\n        flask_version=version(\"Flask\"),\n        configured_server_name=app.config[\"SERVER_NAME\"],\n        examples=[\n            r\"http://evil.com\\.whitelist.com\",\n            \"http://evil.com%5C.whitelist.com\",\n            \"http://sub.whitelist.com\",\n            \"http://sub.not-whitelist.com\",\n        ],\n    )\n\n\n@app.get(\"/check\")\ndef check():\n    next_url = request.args.get(\"next\", \"\")\n    parsed = urlsplit(next_url)\n\n    return jsonify(\n        next=next_url,\n        valid=validate_redirect_url(next_url),\n        parsed={\n            \"scheme\": parsed.scheme,\n            \"netloc\": parsed.netloc,\n            \"hostname\": parsed.hostname,\n            \"path\": parsed.path,\n        },\n    )\n\n\n@app.get(\"/redir\")\ndef redir():\n    next_url = request.args.get(\"next\", \"\")\n    if not validate_redirect_url(next_url):\n        return jsonify(error=\"blocked\", next=next_url), 400\n\n    return redirect(next_url)\n\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    app.run(host=\"127.0.0.1\", port=5000, debug=False)\n```\n\n### Steps to Reproduce\n\nRun the PoC with the target project\u0027s Flask version:\n\n```bash\n.venv/bin/python poc_redirect_app.py\n```\n\nThe invalid comparison case is correctly blocked:\n\n```bash\nhttp://127.0.0.1:5000/redir?next=http://evil.com\n```\n\nObserved result:\n\n\u003cimg width=\"1019\" height=\"294\" alt=\"image\" src=\"https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/de25ac4d-b37f-4369-928e-f44dfd5b7557\" /\u003e\n\nCheck the validation result:\n\n```bash\nhttp://127.0.0.1:5000/check?next=http://evil.com%5C.whitelist.com\n```\n\nObserved result:\n\n\u003cimg width=\"1029\" height=\"634\" alt=\"image\" src=\"https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/8e5ec8a6-42a4-438a-8d12-a27724519091\" /\u003e\n\n## References\n\n- CVE-2023-49438: https://advisories.gitlab.com/pypi/flask-security-too/CVE-2023-49438/\n- GHSA-672h-6x89-76m5: https://osv.dev/vulnerability/CVE-2023-49438\n- NVD entry for CVE-2023-49438: https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-49438",
  "id": "GHSA-w2j7-f3c6-g8cw",
  "modified": "2026-06-23T22:46:31Z",
  "published": "2026-06-23T22:46:31Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pallets-eco/flask-security/security/advisories/GHSA-w2j7-f3c6-g8cw"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-49438"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://advisories.gitlab.com/pypi/flask-security-too/CVE-2023-49438"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/pallets-eco/flask-security"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://osv.dev/vulnerability/CVE-2023-49438"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Flask-Security has an Open Redirect issue"
}

GHSA-W2X5-HPMG-J98H

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-06 19:24 – Updated: 2023-10-20 22:49
VLAI
Summary
Artesãos SEOTools Open Redirect vulnerability
Details

A vulnerability was found in Artesãos SEOTools up to and including version 0.17.1. This issue affects the function eachValue of the file TwitterCards.php. The manipulation of the argument value leads to open redirect. Upgrading to version 0.17.2 is able to address this issue. The name of the patch is ca27cd0edf917e0bc805227013859b8b5a1f01fb. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. The identifier VDB-222233 was assigned to this vulnerability.

Severity
6.1 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "artesaos/seotools"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.17.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-36665"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2023-07-06T21:49:53Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-03-04T19:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability was found in Artes\u00e3os SEOTools up to and including version 0.17.1. This issue affects the function eachValue of the file TwitterCards.php. The manipulation of the argument value leads to open redirect. Upgrading to version 0.17.2 is able to address this issue. The name of the patch is ca27cd0edf917e0bc805227013859b8b5a1f01fb. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component.  The identifier VDB-222233 was assigned to this vulnerability.\n\n",
  "id": "GHSA-w2x5-hpmg-j98h",
  "modified": "2023-10-20T22:49:17Z",
  "published": "2023-07-06T19:24:11Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-36665"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/artesaos/seotools/pull/201"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/artesaos/seotools/commit/ca27cd0edf917e0bc805227013859b8b5a1f01fb"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/artesaos/seotools"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/artesaos/seotools/releases/tag/v0.17.2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.222233"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.222233"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Artes\u00e3os SEOTools Open Redirect vulnerability"
}

GHSA-W34G-4JQC-CW8G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:40 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:40
VLAI
Details

Authenticate/SWT in Progress Sitefinity 9.1 has an open redirect issue in which an authentication token is sent to the redirection target, if the target is specified using a certain %40 syntax. This is fixed in 10.1.

Severity
6.1 (Medium)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-18178"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-02-12T14:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Authenticate/SWT in Progress Sitefinity 9.1 has an open redirect issue in which an authentication token is sent to the redirection target, if the target is specified using a certain %40 syntax. This is fixed in 10.1.",
  "id": "GHSA-w34g-4jqc-cw8g",
  "modified": "2022-05-14T03:40:10Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T03:40:10Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-18178"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/143894/Progress-Sitefinity-9.1-XSS-Session-Management-Open-Redirect.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.sec-consult.com/en/blog/advisories/multiple-vulnerabilities-in-progress-sitefinity/index.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.

Mitigation MIT-21.2
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion

  • When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
  • For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).

Mitigation MIT-6
Architecture and Design Implementation

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

  • Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
  • Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Operation

Strategy: Firewall

Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].

CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing

An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.

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