Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-325
AllowedMissing Cryptographic Step
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product does not implement a required step in a cryptographic algorithm, resulting in weaker encryption than advertised by the algorithm.
106 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-42770 (GCVE-0-2026-42770)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-09 16:03 – Updated: 2026-07-20 16:09
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
FFC-DH Peer Validation Uses Attacker-Supplied q
Summary
Issue summary: When EVP_PKEY_derive_set_peer() is called with a DHX (X9.42)
peer key, the peer key is not properly checked for the subgroup membership.
Impact summary: A malicious peer which presents an X9.42 key carrying the
victim's p and g parameters, a forged q = r (a small prime factor of the
cofactor (p−1)/q_local), and a public value Y of order r can recover the
victim's private key after a small number of key exchange attempts.
When EVP_PKEY_derive_set_peer() is called with a DHX (X9.42) peer key, the
subgroup membership check Y^q ≡ 1 (mod p) is performed using the peer's
own q parameter, not the local key's q. The peer's domain parameters are
then matched against the domain parameters of the private key, but the value
of q is not compared.
A malicious peer who presents an X9.42 key carrying the victim's p, g,
a forged q = r (a small prime factor of the cofactor), and a public
value Y of order r passes all checks. The shared secret then takes only
r distinct values, leaking priv mod r. Repeating for each small-prime
factor of the cofactor and combining via CRT recovers the full private
key (Lim–Lee / small-subgroup-confinement attack).
The realistic attack surface is narrow: principally CMP deployments with
long-lived RA/CA DHX keys and bespoke enterprise or government applications
using X9.42 DHX static keys with interactive protocols and therefore this
issue was assigned Low severity.
The FIPS modules in 4.0, 3.6, 3.5, 3.4, 3.1.2 and 3.0 are affected by this
issue.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-09 19:34 UTC
CWE
- CWE-325 - Missing Cryptographic Step
Assigner
References
6 references
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-06-09 14:00
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CVE-2026-41395 (GCVE-0-2026-41395)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-28 18:09 – Updated: 2026-04-29 13:27 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
OpenClaw < 2026.3.28 - Webhook Replay via Query Parameter Reordering in Plivo V3
Summary
OpenClaw before 2026.3.28 contains a webhook replay vulnerability in Plivo V3 signature verification that canonicalizes query ordering for signatures but hashes raw URLs for replay detection. Attackers can reorder query parameters to bypass replay cache detection and trigger duplicate voice-call processing with a captured valid signed webhook.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-29 13:20 UTC
CWE
- CWE-325 - Missing Cryptographic Step
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/adv… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-web… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-03-29 00:00
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CVE-2026-29142 (GCVE-0-2026-29142)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-02 08:44 – Updated: 2026-04-02 13:31
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Plaintext secure-mail.html
Summary
SEPPmail Secure Email Gateway before version 15.0.3 allows an attacker to forge a GINA-encrypted email.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-02 13:21 UTC
CWE
- CWE-325 - Missing Cryptographic Step
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://downloads.seppmail.com/extrelnotes/150/ER… | release-notes |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SEPPmail | Secure Email Gateway |
Affected:
0 , < 15.0.3
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:seppmail:seppmail_secure_email_gateway:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-25250 (GCVE-0-2026-25250)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-27 16:55 – Updated: 2026-08-28 14:11
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
EAZ EazyFix 12.9 allows a Security Feature Bypass related to a "Missing Cryptographic Step" associated with "Secure Boot disable."
Severity
6 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-28 14:02 UTC
CWE
- CWE-325 - Missing Cryptographic Step
Assigner
References
2 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| eazsolution | EazyFix |
Affected:
12.9
(custom)
|
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CVE-2026-22863 (GCVE-0-2026-22863)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-15 22:53 – Updated: 2026-01-16 17:16
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Deno node:crypto doesn't finalize cipher
Summary
Deno is a JavaScript, TypeScript, and WebAssembly runtime. Before 2.6.0, node:crypto doesn't finalize cipher. The vulnerability allows an attacker to have infinite encryptions. This can lead to naive attempts at brute forcing, as well as more refined attacks with the goal to learn the server secrets. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.6.0.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-01-16 17:16 UTC
CWE
- CWE-325 - Missing Cryptographic Step
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/denoland/deno/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/denoland/deno/releases/tag/v2.6.0 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-16000 (GCVE-0-2026-16000)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-02 06:54 – Updated: 2026-10-02 06:54
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
KCcmBlockCipher (DSTU 7624 CCM) tag not bound to nonce when no associated data is used
Summary
Missing cryptographic step in the DSTU 7624 CCM mode implementation (KCcmBlockCipher) in Legion of the Bouncy Castle Inc. bc-csharp before 2.7.0 allows an attacker who can observe encrypted messages of known or chosen content to forge ciphertexts with valid authentication tags, via messages encrypted without associated data. The cause is that the G1 block, which binds the nonce, the message length and the parameter flags into the CBC-MAC, was processed only when associated data was present. Without associated data the tag was a CBC-MAC of the plaintext alone, independent of the nonce. Only applications that use KCcmBlockCipher directly and supply no associated data are affected.
Severity
CWE
- CWE-325 - Missing Cryptographic Step
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/bcgit/bc-csharp/wiki/CVE-2026-16000 | vendor-advisory |
| https://github.com/bcgit/bc-csharp/commit/b01e9e6… | patch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Legion of the Bouncy Castle Inc. | bc-csharp |
Affected:
0 , < 2.7.0
(semver)
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CVE-2026-9266 (GCVE-0-2026-9266)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-12 10:00 – Updated: 2026-06-12 13:29
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A Missing Required Cryptographic Step vulnerability has been identified in Moxa's embedded Linux firmware for industrial computers and controllers. This vulnerability represents an incomplete remediation of CVE-2026-0714. The firmware introduced TPM2 parameter encryption as a countermeasure against CVE-2026-0714. However, an omission in the authorization session configuration causes the parameter encryption to provide no effective protection. An attacker with invasive physical access to the device can still capture TPM communications on the SPI bus and derive the LUKS disk encryption key in plaintext. While successful exploitation results in full compromise of the encrypted disk volume, the attack requires invasive physical access, including opening the device and attaching external equipment to the SPI bus. Remote exploitation is not possible, and the attack does not affect any downstream systems.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-12 13:29 UTC
CWE
- CWE-325 - Missing Cryptographic Step
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.moxa.com/en/support/product-support/s… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Moxa | UC-1200A Series |
Affected:
1.0 , ≤ 1.4
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:moxa:uc-1200a_series:*:*:os_image_mil3_secure_version_:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2026-06-12 10:00
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CVE-2026-6458 (GCVE-0-2026-6458)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-23 23:49 – Updated: 2026-06-24 13:15 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
AES-256-GCM Authentication Tag Does Not Cover First Ciphertext Blocks When AAD Is Empty
Summary
Missing cryptographic step in Caliptra Core Firmware (aes_256_gcm_update module) results in an incorrect GCM authentication tag. When the streaming AES-256-GCM API is used with empty AAD, the hardware GHASH accumulator state is not saved after the first update call, causing the final tag to exclude the first batch of processed ciphertext. Ciphertext produced by that call may be modified without the tag reflecting the change.
This issue affects Core Runtime Firmware: from 2.0.0 through 2.0.1, 2.1.0.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-24 13:14 UTC
CWE
- CWE-325 - Missing Cryptographic Step
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caliptra | Core Runtime Firmware |
Affected:
2.0.0 , ≤ 2.0.1
(semver)
Affected: 2.1.0 (semver) Unaffected: 2.0.2 (semver) Unaffected: 2.1.1 (semver) |
Date Public
2026-06-23 19:00
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CVE-2026-0420 (GCVE-0-2026-0420)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-09 15:50 – Updated: 2026-06-11 05:19
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Missing TLS certificate validation in NETGEAR's ReadyCloud client app
Summary
An improper implementation of TLS certificate validation vulnerability found in NETGEAR's ReadyCloud client app which could allow an attacker to perform attacker-in-the-middle (MiTM) style attacks impacting the product's confidentiality. This vulnerability affects the listed NETGEAR models.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-09 17:22 UTC
CWE
- CWE-325 - Missing cryptographic step
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.netgear.com/support/product/rax35/ | productpatch |
| https://www.netgear.com/support/product/rax38/ | productpatch |
| https://www.netgear.com/support/product/rax40/ | productpatch |
| https://www.netgear.com/support/product/rax120v2/ | productpatch |
| https://kb.netgear.com/000070811/June-2026-NETGEA… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-06-09 00:00
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CVE-2025-69418 (GCVE-0-2025-69418)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-27 16:01 – Updated: 2026-05-12 12:08
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Unauthenticated/unencrypted trailing bytes with low-level OCB function calls
Summary
Issue summary: When using the low-level OCB API directly with AES-NI or<br>other hardware-accelerated code paths, inputs whose length is not a multiple<br>of 16 bytes can leave the final partial block unencrypted and unauthenticated.<br><br>Impact summary: The trailing 1-15 bytes of a message may be exposed in<br>cleartext on encryption and are not covered by the authentication tag,<br>allowing an attacker to read or tamper with those bytes without detection.<br><br>The low-level OCB encrypt and decrypt routines in the hardware-accelerated<br>stream path process full 16-byte blocks but do not advance the input/output<br>pointers. The subsequent tail-handling code then operates on the original<br>base pointers, effectively reprocessing the beginning of the buffer while<br>leaving the actual trailing bytes unprocessed. The authentication checksum<br>also excludes the true tail bytes.<br><br>However, typical OpenSSL consumers using EVP are not affected because the<br>higher-level EVP and provider OCB implementations split inputs so that full<br>blocks and trailing partial blocks are processed in separate calls, avoiding<br>the problematic code path. Additionally, TLS does not use OCB ciphersuites.<br>The vulnerability only affects applications that call the low-level<br>CRYPTO_ocb128_encrypt() or CRYPTO_ocb128_decrypt() functions directly with<br>non-block-aligned lengths in a single call on hardware-accelerated builds.<br>For these reasons the issue was assessed as Low severity.<br><br>The FIPS modules in 3.6, 3.5, 3.4, 3.3, 3.2, 3.1 and 3.0 are not affected<br>by this issue, as OCB mode is not a FIPS-approved algorithm.<br><br>OpenSSL 3.6, 3.5, 3.4, 3.3, 3.0 and 1.1.1 are vulnerable to this issue.<br><br>OpenSSL 1.0.2 is not affected by this issue.
Severity
4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-01-29 15:06 UTC
CWE
- CWE-325 - Missing Cryptographic Step
Assigner
References
7 references
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| OpenSSL | OpenSSL |
Affected:
3.6.0 , < 3.6.1
(semver)
Affected: 3.5.0 , < 3.5.5 (semver) Affected: 3.4.0 , < 3.4.4 (semver) Affected: 3.3.0 , < 3.3.6 (semver) Affected: 3.0.0 , < 3.0.19 (semver) Affected: 1.1.1 , < 1.1.1ze (custom) |
|
| Siemens | SIMATIC S7-1500 TM MFP - GNU/Linux subsystem |
Affected:
0 , < *
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-01-27 14:00
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"value": "Issue summary: When using the low-level OCB API directly with AES-NI or\u003cbr\u003eother hardware-accelerated code paths, inputs whose length is not a multiple\u003cbr\u003eof 16 bytes can leave the final partial block unencrypted and unauthenticated.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eImpact summary: The trailing 1-15 bytes of a message may be exposed in\u003cbr\u003ecleartext on encryption and are not covered by the authentication tag,\u003cbr\u003eallowing an attacker to read or tamper with those bytes without detection.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe low-level OCB encrypt and decrypt routines in the hardware-accelerated\u003cbr\u003estream path process full 16-byte blocks but do not advance the input/output\u003cbr\u003epointers. The subsequent tail-handling code then operates on the original\u003cbr\u003ebase pointers, effectively reprocessing the beginning of the buffer while\u003cbr\u003eleaving the actual trailing bytes unprocessed. The authentication checksum\u003cbr\u003ealso excludes the true tail bytes.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHowever, typical OpenSSL consumers using EVP are not affected because the\u003cbr\u003ehigher-level EVP and provider OCB implementations split inputs so that full\u003cbr\u003eblocks and trailing partial blocks are processed in separate calls, avoiding\u003cbr\u003ethe problematic code path. Additionally, TLS does not use OCB ciphersuites.\u003cbr\u003eThe vulnerability only affects applications that call the low-level\u003cbr\u003eCRYPTO_ocb128_encrypt() or CRYPTO_ocb128_decrypt() functions directly with\u003cbr\u003enon-block-aligned lengths in a single call on hardware-accelerated builds.\u003cbr\u003eFor these reasons the issue was assessed as Low severity.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe FIPS modules in 3.6, 3.5, 3.4, 3.3, 3.2, 3.1 and 3.0 are not affected\u003cbr\u003eby this issue, as OCB mode is not a FIPS-approved algorithm.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOpenSSL 3.6, 3.5, 3.4, 3.3, 3.0 and 1.1.1 are vulnerable to this issue.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOpenSSL 1.0.2 is not affected by this issue."
}
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"value": "Issue summary: When using the low-level OCB API directly with AES-NI or\u003cbr\u003eother hardware-accelerated code paths, inputs whose length is not a multiple\u003cbr\u003eof 16 bytes can leave the final partial block unencrypted and unauthenticated.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eImpact summary: The trailing 1-15 bytes of a message may be exposed in\u003cbr\u003ecleartext on encryption and are not covered by the authentication tag,\u003cbr\u003eallowing an attacker to read or tamper with those bytes without detection.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe low-level OCB encrypt and decrypt routines in the hardware-accelerated\u003cbr\u003estream path process full 16-byte blocks but do not advance the input/output\u003cbr\u003epointers. The subsequent tail-handling code then operates on the original\u003cbr\u003ebase pointers, effectively reprocessing the beginning of the buffer while\u003cbr\u003eleaving the actual trailing bytes unprocessed. The authentication checksum\u003cbr\u003ealso excludes the true tail bytes.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHowever, typical OpenSSL consumers using EVP are not affected because the\u003cbr\u003ehigher-level EVP and provider OCB implementations split inputs so that full\u003cbr\u003eblocks and trailing partial blocks are processed in separate calls, avoiding\u003cbr\u003ethe problematic code path. Additionally, TLS does not use OCB ciphersuites.\u003cbr\u003eThe vulnerability only affects applications that call the low-level\u003cbr\u003eCRYPTO_ocb128_encrypt() or CRYPTO_ocb128_decrypt() functions directly with\u003cbr\u003enon-block-aligned lengths in a single call on hardware-accelerated builds.\u003cbr\u003eFor these reasons the issue was assessed as Low severity.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe FIPS modules in 3.6, 3.5, 3.4, 3.3, 3.2, 3.1 and 3.0 are not affected\u003cbr\u003eby this issue, as OCB mode is not a FIPS-approved algorithm.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOpenSSL 3.6, 3.5, 3.4, 3.3, 3.0 and 1.1.1 are vulnerable to this issue.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOpenSSL 1.0.2 is not affected by this issue."
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"other": {
"content": {
"text": "Low"
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"type": "https://openssl-library.org/policies/general/security-policy/"
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],
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"descriptions": [
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"cweId": "CWE-325",
"description": "CWE-325 Missing Cryptographic Step",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
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]
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],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-01-27T16:01:23.986Z",
"orgId": "3a12439a-ef3a-4c79-92e6-6081a721f1e5",
"shortName": "openssl"
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"references": [
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"name": "OpenSSL Advisory",
"tags": [
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],
"url": "https://openssl-library.org/news/secadv/20260127.txt"
},
{
"name": "3.6.1 git commit",
"tags": [
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"url": "https://github.com/openssl/openssl/commit/ed40856d7d4ba6cb42779b6770666a65f19cb977"
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{
"name": "3.5.5 git commit",
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"url": "https://github.com/openssl/openssl/commit/4016975d4469cd6b94927c607f7c511385f928d8"
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{
"name": "3.4.4 git commit",
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"url": "https://github.com/openssl/openssl/commit/372fc5c77529695b05b4f5b5187691a57ef5dffc"
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{
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"tags": [
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"url": "https://github.com/openssl/openssl/commit/a7589230356d908c0eca4b969ec4f62106f4f5ae"
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{
"name": "3.0.19 git commit",
"tags": [
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"url": "https://github.com/openssl/openssl/commit/52d23c86a54adab5ee9f80e48b242b52c4cc2347"
}
],
"source": {
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "Unauthenticated/unencrypted trailing bytes with low-level OCB function calls",
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"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "3a12439a-ef3a-4c79-92e6-6081a721f1e5",
"assignerShortName": "openssl",
"cveId": "CVE-2025-69418",
"datePublished": "2026-01-27T16:01:23.986Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-01-06T12:44:09.945Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-05-12T12:08:40.794Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
No mitigation information available for this CWE.
CAPEC-68: Subvert Code-signing Facilities
Many languages use code signing facilities to vouch for code's identity and to thus tie code to its assigned privileges within an environment. Subverting this mechanism can be instrumental in an attacker escalating privilege. Any means of subverting the way that a virtual machine enforces code signing classifies for this style of attack.