CWE-116
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.
758 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-54893 (GCVE-0-2026-54893)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-06 14:04 – Updated: 2026-09-24 21:26- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/swoosh/swoosh/security/advisor… | vendor-advisoryrelated |
| https://cna.erlef.org/cves/CVE-2026-54893.html | related |
| https://osv.dev/vulnerability/EEF-CVE-2026-54893 | related |
| https://github.com/swoosh/swoosh/commit/23bfcdab7… | related |
| https://github.com/swoosh/swoosh/commit/e38235453… | patch |
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CVE-2026-54705 (GCVE-0-2026-54705)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-29 17:21 – Updated: 2026-07-29 17:54- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/arnog/mathlive/security/adviso… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/arnog/mathlive/issues/3028 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/arnog/mathlive/commit/5fe1c461… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-54699 (GCVE-0-2026-54699)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-24 17:26 – Updated: 2026-06-25 13:18| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/warpdotdev/warp/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/warpdotdev/warp/commit/c66cff4… | x_refsource_MISC |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| warpdotdev | warp |
Affected:
>= 0.2024.03.12.08.02.stable_01, < 0.2026.05.13.09.15.stable_01
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CVE-2026-54694 (GCVE-0-2026-54694)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-09 18:44 – Updated: 2026-09-10 16:02| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/NationalSecurityAgency/skills-… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| NationalSecurityAgency | skills-service |
Affected:
< 4.4.2
|
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CVE-2026-54506 (GCVE-0-2026-54506)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-17 21:47 – Updated: 2026-09-23 19:09| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
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| https://github.com/givanz/Vvveb/releases/tag/1.0.8.5 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-54364 (GCVE-0-2026-54364)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-30 12:24 – Updated: 2026-08-14 16:50- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.centrestack.com/ | product |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/centrestack-… | third-party-advisory |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gladinet | CentreStack |
Affected:
0 , < 17.4
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:gladinet:centrestack:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-54287 (GCVE-0-2026-54287)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-22 17:13 – Updated: 2026-06-22 17:36- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/honojs/hono/security/advisorie… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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CVE-2026-54182 (GCVE-0-2026-54182)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-14 17:48 – Updated: 2026-09-14 18:17| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/Laravel-Backpack/CRUD/security… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/Laravel-Backpack/CRUD/pull/6012 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/Laravel-Backpack/CRUD/commit/0… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/Laravel-Backpack/CRUD/commit/1… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/Laravel-Backpack/CRUD/commit/2… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/Laravel-Backpack/CRUD/commit/4… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/Laravel-Backpack/CRUD/releases… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/Laravel-Backpack/CRUD/releases… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/Laravel-Backpack/CRUD/releases… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/Laravel-Backpack/CRUD/releases… | x_refsource_MISC |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Laravel-Backpack | CRUD |
Affected:
< 4.1.70
Affected: >= 5.0.0, < 5.6.2 Affected: >= 6.0.0, < 6.8.13 Affected: >= 7.0.0, < 7.0.36 |
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"description": "CWE-78: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command (\u0027OS Command Injection\u0027)",
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"description": "CWE-116: Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output",
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"tags": [
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"url": "https://github.com/Laravel-Backpack/CRUD/commit/471935e296b1be1a7216fdf10c8823e1f512f601"
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{
"name": "https://github.com/Laravel-Backpack/CRUD/releases/tag/4.1.72",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
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"url": "https://github.com/Laravel-Backpack/CRUD/releases/tag/4.1.72"
},
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"name": "https://github.com/Laravel-Backpack/CRUD/releases/tag/5.6.2",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
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"url": "https://github.com/Laravel-Backpack/CRUD/releases/tag/5.6.2"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/Laravel-Backpack/CRUD/releases/tag/6.8.13",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
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"url": "https://github.com/Laravel-Backpack/CRUD/releases/tag/6.8.13"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/Laravel-Backpack/CRUD/releases/tag/7.0.36",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/Laravel-Backpack/CRUD/releases/tag/7.0.36"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-mrc5-3mm3-45c5",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "backpack/crud: OS command injection in Stats::makeCurlRequest via attacker-controlled Host header (pre-auth)"
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"cveId": "CVE-2026-54182",
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CVE-2026-54133 (GCVE-0-2026-54133)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-12 13:56 – Updated: 2026-06-12 15:07| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/jmespath/jmespath.php/security… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| jmespath | jmespath.php |
Affected:
< 2.9.1
|
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"timestamp": "2026-06-12T15:07:03.703942Z",
"version": "2.0.3"
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],
"title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
}
],
"cna": {
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{
"product": "jmespath.php",
"vendor": "jmespath",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "\u003c 2.9.1"
}
]
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"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "jmespath.php allows users to use JMESPath, software for declaratively specifying how to extract elements from a JSON document, in PHP applications with PHP data structures. Versions prior to 2.9.1 can generate and execute attacker-controlled PHP code when `JmesPath\\CompilerRuntime` is used with an attacker-controlled JMESPath expression. The compiler emits parsed JMESPath function names into generated PHP source without sufficient escaping. A crafted expression can cause the generated cache file to contain executable attacker-controlled PHP, which is then loaded by the compiler runtime. The issue is patched in `2.9.1` and later. As a workaround, disable `JP_PHP_COMPILE` and do not use `JmesPath\\CompilerRuntime` with attacker-controlled expressions. Use the default `AstRuntime` for untrusted expressions. Applications that must continue accepting untrusted JMESPath expressions before upgrading should ensure those expressions are never evaluated by the compiler runtime."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"baseScore": 9.8,
"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL",
"confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"integrityImpact": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
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"cweId": "CWE-20",
"description": "CWE-20: Improper Input Validation",
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},
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"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-94",
"description": "CWE-94: Improper Control of Generation of Code (\u0027Code Injection\u0027)",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
},
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"descriptions": [
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"cweId": "CWE-116",
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"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
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}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-pcw8-m77r-2528",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "jmespath.php has CompilerRuntime code injection via unescaped function names"
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CVE-2026-54013 (GCVE-0-2026-54013)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-23 16:46 – Updated: 2026-06-26 19:25| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/open-webui/open-webui/security… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| open-webui | open-webui |
Affected:
< 0.9.6
|
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"timestamp": "2026-06-26T19:25:06.355423Z",
"version": "2.0.3"
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"url": "https://github.com/open-webui/open-webui/security/advisories/GHSA-v2qm-5wxj-qhj7"
}
],
"title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
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"product": "open-webui",
"vendor": "open-webui",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "\u003c 0.9.6"
}
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}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "Open WebUI is a self-hosted artificial intelligence platform designed to operate entirely offline. Prior to 0.9.6, Open WebUI patched SVG XSS in user profile images and webhook profile images but forgot to apply the same fix to model profile images. The ModelMeta class has no validate_profile_image_url field validator, and the model image serving endpoint has no MIME allowlist or nosniff header. Any authenticated user with workspace.models permission (enabled by default) can store a data:image/svg+xml;base64,... payload in a model\u0027s profile image and achieve full account takeover of anyone who navigates to the image URL. This vulnerability is fixed in 0.9.6."
}
],
"metrics": [
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"cvssV3_1": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "NONE",
"baseScore": 7.6,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"integrityImpact": "LOW",
"privilegesRequired": "LOW",
"scope": "CHANGED",
"userInteraction": "REQUIRED",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:L/A:N",
"version": "3.1"
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"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-79",
"description": "CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation (\u0027Cross-site Scripting\u0027)",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
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]
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"descriptions": [
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"cweId": "CWE-116",
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"lang": "en",
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"descriptions": [
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"cweId": "CWE-693",
"description": "CWE-693: Protection Mechanism Failure",
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"type": "CWE"
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"advisory": "GHSA-v2qm-5wxj-qhj7",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
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"title": "Open WebUI: Stored XSS to Account Takeover via Model Profile Images in Open WebUI"
}
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Mitigation MIT-4.3
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
- Alternately, use built-in functions, but consider using wrappers in case those functions are discovered to have a vulnerability.
Mitigation MIT-27
Strategy: Parameterization
- If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
- For example, stored procedures can enforce database query structure and reduce the likelihood of SQL injection.
Mitigation
Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
Mitigation
In some cases, input validation may be an important strategy when output encoding is not a complete solution. For example, you may be providing the same output that will be processed by multiple consumers that use different encodings or representations. In other cases, you may be required to allow user-supplied input to contain control information, such as limited HTML tags that support formatting in a wiki or bulletin board. When this type of requirement must be met, use an extremely strict allowlist to limit which control sequences can be used. Verify that the resulting syntactic structure is what you expect. Use your normal encoding methods for the remainder of the input.
Mitigation
Use input validation as a defense-in-depth measure to reduce the likelihood of output encoding errors (see CWE-20).
Mitigation
Fully specify which encodings are required by components that will be communicating with each other.
Mitigation
When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.
CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting
An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.
CAPEC-73: User-Controlled Filename
An attack of this type involves an adversary inserting malicious characters (such as a XSS redirection) into a filename, directly or indirectly that is then used by the target software to generate HTML text or other potentially executable content. Many websites rely on user-generated content and dynamically build resources like files, filenames, and URL links directly from user supplied data. In this attack pattern, the attacker uploads code that can execute in the client browser and/or redirect the client browser to a site that the attacker owns. All XSS attack payload variants can be used to pass and exploit these vulnerabilities.
CAPEC-81: Web Server Logs Tampering
Web Logs Tampering attacks involve an attacker injecting, deleting or otherwise tampering with the contents of web logs typically for the purposes of masking other malicious behavior. Additionally, writing malicious data to log files may target jobs, filters, reports, and other agents that process the logs in an asynchronous attack pattern. This pattern of attack is similar to "Log Injection-Tampering-Forging" except that in this case, the attack is targeting the logs of the web server and not the application.
CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting
This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.