Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-116

Allowed-with-Review

Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.

748 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-82409 (GCVE-0-2026-82409)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-23 19:23 – Updated: 2026-09-24 15:22
VLAI
Title
Klever-Go: Elasticsearch bulk / painless injection via on-chain account name -> explorer/indexer data forgery
Summary
Klever-Go is the Go implementation of the Klever blockchain protocol. Prior to 1.7.20, indexer/common.go serializedDataForUpdateAccounts places the attacker-controlled acc.Name value into an Elasticsearch _bulk JSON and NDJSON request without escaping it. The SetAccountName transaction accepts valid UTF-8 account names containing quotes, backslashes, and newlines, and the resulting name is stored in consensus account state. When an indexer processes the account, those characters can break the JSON string, reject a bulk batch, or inject additional bulk actions that create, overwrite, or delete documents in indices writable by the indexer. The persistent state value is replayed by new or historical indexers, and direct access to the indexing host or Elasticsearch port is not required. This issue is fixed in version 1.7.20.
Severity
8.4 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:H/SA:L
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-24 15:22 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
klever-io klever-go Affected: < 1.7.20
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-82249 (GCVE-0-2026-82249)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-28 10:49 – Updated: 2026-08-28 15:26
VLAI
Title
gitoxide before 0.38.2 Credential Helper Protocol Field Injection
Summary
gitoxide before 0.38.2 fails to validate carriage return characters in URL values passed to credential helpers. Attackers can supply URLs containing bare carriage returns to inject additional helper protocol fields and cause credential helpers to return credentials for attacker-specified hosts instead of the requested URL.
Severity
2.3 (Low)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
3.1 (Low)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-28 15:25 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
GitoxideLabs gitoxide Affected: 0 , < 0.38.2 (semver)
Unaffected: 0.38.2 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:gitoxidelabs:gitoxide:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-07-15 00:00
Credits
hibrian827
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-81685 (GCVE-0-2026-81685)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-27 14:50 – Updated: 2026-10-01 15:21
VLAI
Title
openssl_encrypt before 1.4.9 Text Injection via Recovery Slot Metadata
Summary
openssl_encrypt versions before 1.4.9 fail to sanitize recovery-slot metadata in the desktop GUI, allowing attackers to inject control characters and line separators into the irreversible-removal confirmation dialog. Attackers can craft encrypted files with malicious slot identifiers containing bidi overrides or line-separator characters to forge warning text and deceive users during file removal operations.
Severity
9.3 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
3.3 (Low)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-27 19:24 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
jahlives openssl_encrypt Affected: 0 , < 1.4.9 (semver)
Unaffected: 1.4.9 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:jahlives:openssl_encrypt:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-08-12 00:00
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-81522 (GCVE-0-2026-81522)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-27 18:32 – Updated: 2026-08-29 03:55
VLAI
Title
Cross-tenant database retargeting via dot/NUL injection in namespace strings in the C++ Driver
Summary
A weakness in the MongoDB C++ Driver's handling of caller-supplied namespace identifiers allows special characters embedded in those identifiers. An application that builds a namespace identifier from untrusted input without validating it may therefore have its operation directed at a different target than intended. This can result in limited unauthorized read and write access to data belonging to another logical tenant of the affected application.
Severity
8.6 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
8.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-28 00:00 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
MongoDB C++ Driver Affected: 3.0.0 , < 4.5.1 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-79964 (GCVE-0-2026-79964)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-09 13:12 – Updated: 2026-09-09 14:09
VLAI
Summary
Dell SCG 5.0 Appliance versions prior to 5.36.00.16 and Dell SCG 5.0 Application versions prior to 5.36.00.00, contains an Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences vulnerability. An unauthenticated attacker with remote access could potentially exploit this vulnerability, leading to launch of phishing attacks.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-09 14:09 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Dell Secure Connect Gateway 5.0 - Application Affected: 0 , < 5.36.00.00 or later (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Dell Secure Connect Gateway 5.0 - Appliance Affected: 0 , < 5.36.00.16 or later (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-08-31 06:30
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-79952 (GCVE-0-2026-79952)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-09 13:09 – Updated: 2026-09-09 15:34
VLAI
Summary
Dell SCG 5.0 Appliance versions prior to 5.36.00.16 and Dell SCG 5.0 Application versions prior to 5.36.00.00, contains an Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability. An unauthenticated attacker with remote access could potentially exploit this vulnerability, leading to launch of phishing attacks.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-09 15:33 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Dell Secure Connect Gateway 5.0 - Application Affected: 0 , < 5.36.00.00 or later (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Dell Secure Connect Gateway 5.0 - Appliance Affected: 0 , < 5.36.00.16 or later (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-08-31 06:30
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-77404 (GCVE-0-2026-77404)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-16 14:40 – Updated: 2026-09-16 15:21
VLAI
Title
RabbitMQ amqp091-go: Connection Configuration Overwrite via Unsanitized TLS Path Parameter Injection
Summary
RabbitMQ amqp091-go is a Go AMQP 0.9.1 client. Prior to 1.13.0, URI.String in uri.go concatenates CertFile, KeyFile, CACertFile, and ServerName values directly into an AMQPS query string instead of encoding them as URL query parameters with url.Values. If an application accepts a TLS asset path containing ampersand or equals delimiters and later reparses the serialized URI with ParseURI, the embedded delimiters can create or overwrite connection options, including paths to TLS certificate, key, or CA files. This can corrupt connection configuration or select unintended local cryptographic assets. This issue is fixed in version 1.13.0.
Severity
8.7 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-16 15:21 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
rabbitmq amqp091-go Affected: < 1.13.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-77353 (GCVE-0-2026-77353)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-31 21:22 – Updated: 2026-09-03 17:37
VLAI
Title
Wallos: iCalendar Injection via CRLF in Subscription Name/Notes Export
Summary
Wallos is an open-source, self-hostable personal subscription tracker. Prior to version 5.0.0, Wallos allows authenticated users to inject arbitrary iCalendar properties and events into their exported .ics feed by embedding raw CRLF sequences in subscription names or notes. Because the input validation layer only encodes HTML metacharacters but never strips newlines, and the export layer decodes those entities back before writing iCal output, an attacker with any valid account can craft a subscription whose name breaks out of the current VEVENT block and inserts fully attacker-controlled calendar events — including spoofed organizers, arbitrary email addresses in ATTENDEE properties, and misleading event content — into any calendar application subscribed to that feed. This issue has been patched in version 5.0.0.
Severity
4.6 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-03 17:37 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-74 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Output Used by a Downstream Component ('Injection')
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
ellite Wallos Affected: < 5.0.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-73480 (GCVE-0-2026-73480)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-13 21:07 – Updated: 2026-09-24 14:19
VLAI
Title
gdu Terminal Injection via Unstripped Escape Sequences
Summary
gdu fails to strip terminal escape sequences from directory and file names when printing paths after TUI exit. Attackers can craft malicious directory or file names containing escape sequences that are interpreted by the terminal, enabling title spoofing, clipboard manipulation, or other terminal-dependent effects.
Severity
4.8 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N
5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-14 19:34 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
dundee gdu Affected: 0 , < fe605ec (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-08-13 00:00
Credits
George Chen
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-73479 (GCVE-0-2026-73479)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-13 21:17 – Updated: 2026-09-24 14:19
VLAI
Title
dua-cli Terminal Escape Sequence Injection via Marked Paths
Summary
dua-cli fails to filter terminal escape sequences when printing marked file paths after exiting the TUI interface. Attackers can craft file names containing OSC/CSI escape sequences that are interpreted by the terminal emulator when printed, enabling title spoofing, clipboard manipulation, or other escape-sequence attacks.
Severity
4.8 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N
5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-14 16:29 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Byron dua-cli Affected: 0 , ≤ 2.41.1 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-08-13 00:00
Credits
George Chen
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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Mitigation MIT-4.3
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
  • Alternately, use built-in functions, but consider using wrappers in case those functions are discovered to have a vulnerability.
Mitigation MIT-27
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Parameterization

  • If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
  • For example, stored procedures can enforce database query structure and reduce the likelihood of SQL injection.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design Implementation

Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

In some cases, input validation may be an important strategy when output encoding is not a complete solution. For example, you may be providing the same output that will be processed by multiple consumers that use different encodings or representations. In other cases, you may be required to allow user-supplied input to contain control information, such as limited HTML tags that support formatting in a wiki or bulletin board. When this type of requirement must be met, use an extremely strict allowlist to limit which control sequences can be used. Verify that the resulting syntactic structure is what you expect. Use your normal encoding methods for the remainder of the input.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Use input validation as a defense-in-depth measure to reduce the likelihood of output encoding errors (see CWE-20).

Mitigation
Requirements

Fully specify which encodings are required by components that will be communicating with each other.

Mitigation
Implementation

When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.

CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting

An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.

CAPEC-73: User-Controlled Filename

An attack of this type involves an adversary inserting malicious characters (such as a XSS redirection) into a filename, directly or indirectly that is then used by the target software to generate HTML text or other potentially executable content. Many websites rely on user-generated content and dynamically build resources like files, filenames, and URL links directly from user supplied data. In this attack pattern, the attacker uploads code that can execute in the client browser and/or redirect the client browser to a site that the attacker owns. All XSS attack payload variants can be used to pass and exploit these vulnerabilities.

CAPEC-81: Web Server Logs Tampering

Web Logs Tampering attacks involve an attacker injecting, deleting or otherwise tampering with the contents of web logs typically for the purposes of masking other malicious behavior. Additionally, writing malicious data to log files may target jobs, filters, reports, and other agents that process the logs in an asynchronous attack pattern. This pattern of attack is similar to "Log Injection-Tampering-Forging" except that in this case, the attack is targeting the logs of the web server and not the application.

CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting

This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.

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