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    <lastBuildDate>Tue, 06 Oct 2026 10:20:28 +0000</lastBuildDate>
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      <title>CVE-2026-77860 — 'serve-expired' can bypass Unbound 'wait-limit'</title>
      <link>https://cve.radiocsirt.org/vuln/cve-2026-77860</link>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Affected:&lt;/strong&gt; NLnet Labs Unbound&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In NLnetLabs Unbound 1.20.0 up to and including 1.26.0, a vulnerability on the &amp;#39;serve-expired&amp;#39; code path can cause a double decrement on the &amp;#39;wait-limit&amp;#39; counter per client IP essentially bypassing one of the counter measures that was introduced for DNSBomb (CVE-2024-33655). A malicious actor can exploit this by controlling an authoritative zone with short TTL, so cached entries expire quickly. Each &amp;#39;slow&amp;#39; query, one the attacker&amp;#39;s authoritative never answers, is followed by one query for an expired cached name, which is answered immediately via the &amp;#39;serve-expired&amp;#39; path and decrements the counter twice. This second query was named &amp;#39;pump&amp;#39;. By alternating slow queries and pumps, the attacker keeps the per-client counter at or below the configured &amp;#39;wait-limit&amp;#39; indefinitely, and can hold an arbitrary number of pending queries from a single source IP, up to the global mesh quota (num-queries-per-thread); eventually bypassing one of the counter measures introduced for DNSBomb (CVE-2024-33655). This vulnerability is present on the &amp;#39;serve-expired&amp;#39; code path.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <content:encoded>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Affected:&lt;/strong&gt; NLnet Labs Unbound&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In NLnetLabs Unbound 1.20.0 up to and including 1.26.0, a vulnerability on the &amp;#39;serve-expired&amp;#39; code path can cause a double decrement on the &amp;#39;wait-limit&amp;#39; counter per client IP essentially bypassing one of the counter measures that was introduced for DNSBomb (CVE-2024-33655). A malicious actor can exploit this by controlling an authoritative zone with short TTL, so cached entries expire quickly. Each &amp;#39;slow&amp;#39; query, one the attacker&amp;#39;s authoritative never answers, is followed by one query for an expired cached name, which is answered immediately via the &amp;#39;serve-expired&amp;#39; path and decrements the counter twice. This second query was named &amp;#39;pump&amp;#39;. By alternating slow queries and pumps, the attacker keeps the per-client counter at or below the configured &amp;#39;wait-limit&amp;#39; indefinitely, and can hold an arbitrary number of pending queries from a single source IP, up to the global mesh quota (num-queries-per-thread); eventually bypassing one of the counter measures introduced for DNSBomb (CVE-2024-33655). This vulnerability is present on the &amp;#39;serve-expired&amp;#39; code path.&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
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