https://cve.radiocsirt.org Contains only the most 10 recent entries. http://www.rssboard.org/rss-specification python-feedgen en Sat, 03 Oct 2026 17:50:02 +0000 https://cve.radiocsirt.org/vuln/euvd-2026-218828 EUVD-2026-218828 https://cve.radiocsirt.org/vuln/euvd-2026-218828 https://cve.radiocsirt.org/vuln/fkie_cve-2023-28431 <p>Frontier is an Ethereum compatibility layer for Substrate. Frontier&#39;s `modexp` precompile uses `num-bigint` crate under the hood. In the implementation prior to pull request 1017, the cases for modulus being even and modulus being odd are treated separately. Odd modulus uses the fast Montgomery multiplication, and even modulus uses the slow plain power algorithm. This gas cost discrepancy was not accounted for in the `modexp` precompile, leading to possible denial of service attacks.</p> <p>No fixes for `num-bigint` are currently available, and thus this issue is fixed in the short term by raising the gas costs for even modulus, and in the long term fixing it in `num-bigint` or switching to another modexp implementation. The short-term fix for Frontier is deployed at pull request 1017. There are no known workarounds aside from applying the fix.</p> <p>Frontier is an Ethereum compatibility layer for Substrate. Frontier&#39;s `modexp` precompile uses `num-bigint` crate under the hood. In the implementation prior to pull request 1017, the cases for modulus being even and modulus being odd are treated separately. Odd modulus uses the fast Montgomery multiplication, and even modulus uses the slow plain power algorithm. This gas cost discrepancy was not accounted for in the `modexp` precompile, leading to possible denial of service attacks.</p> <p>No fixes for `num-bigint` are currently available, and thus this issue is fixed in the short term by raising the gas costs for even modulus, and in the long term fixing it in `num-bigint` or switching to another modexp implementation. The short-term fix for Frontier is deployed at pull request 1017. There are no known workarounds aside from applying the fix.</p> https://cve.radiocsirt.org/vuln/fkie_cve-2023-28431 https://cve.radiocsirt.org/vuln/ghsa-fcmm-54jp-7vf6 <p><strong>Affected:</strong> crates.io: pallet-evm-precompile-modexp</p> <p>### Impact</p> <p>Frontier&#39;s `modexp` precompile uses `num-bigint` crate under the hood. [In the implementation](https://github.com/rust-num/num-bigint/blob/6f2b8e0fc218dbd0f49bebb8db2d1a771fe6bafa/src/biguint/power.rs#L134), the cases for modulus being even and modulus being odd are treated separately. Odd modulus uses the fast Montgomery multiplication, and even modulus uses the slow plain power algorithm. This gas cost discrepancy was not accounted for in the `modexp` precompile, leading to possible denial of service attacks.</p> <p>### Patches</p> <p>No fixes for `num-bigint` is currently available, and thus this advisory will be first fixed in the short term by raising the gas costs for even modulus, and in the long term fixing it in `num-bigint` or switching to another modexp implementation.</p> <p>The short-term fix for Frontier is deployed at [PR 1017](https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/pull/1017).</p> <p>The recommendations are as follows:</p> <p>- If you anticipate malicious validators, it&#39;s recommended to issue an emergency runtime upgrade as soon as possible. - If you do not anticipate malicious validators, it&#39;s recommended to issue a normal runtime upgrade, as Substrate has builtin timeout protection when validators are building blocks.</p> <p>### Workarounds</p> <p>None.</p> <p>### References</p> <p>A similar issue was presented in Geth&#39;s implementation and the fix can be found [here](https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/420897).</p> <p><strong>Affected:</strong> crates.io: pallet-evm-precompile-modexp</p> <p>### Impact</p> <p>Frontier&#39;s `modexp` precompile uses `num-bigint` crate under the hood. [In the implementation](https://github.com/rust-num/num-bigint/blob/6f2b8e0fc218dbd0f49bebb8db2d1a771fe6bafa/src/biguint/power.rs#L134), the cases for modulus being even and modulus being odd are treated separately. Odd modulus uses the fast Montgomery multiplication, and even modulus uses the slow plain power algorithm. This gas cost discrepancy was not accounted for in the `modexp` precompile, leading to possible denial of service attacks.</p> <p>### Patches</p> <p>No fixes for `num-bigint` is currently available, and thus this advisory will be first fixed in the short term by raising the gas costs for even modulus, and in the long term fixing it in `num-bigint` or switching to another modexp implementation.</p> <p>The short-term fix for Frontier is deployed at [PR 1017](https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/pull/1017).</p> <p>The recommendations are as follows:</p> <p>- If you anticipate malicious validators, it&#39;s recommended to issue an emergency runtime upgrade as soon as possible. - If you do not anticipate malicious validators, it&#39;s recommended to issue a normal runtime upgrade, as Substrate has builtin timeout protection when validators are building blocks.</p> <p>### Workarounds</p> <p>None.</p> <p>### References</p> <p>A similar issue was presented in Geth&#39;s implementation and the fix can be found [here](https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/420897).</p> https://cve.radiocsirt.org/vuln/ghsa-fcmm-54jp-7vf6 https://cve.radiocsirt.org/vuln/gsd-2023-28431 gsd-2023-28431 https://cve.radiocsirt.org/vuln/gsd-2023-28431