Affected: Anyscale, Inc Ray

Ray prior to 2.56.0 contains an unsafe deserialization vulnerability in the WebDataset reader that allows attackers to achieve remote code execution by supplying a malicious tar archive to the read_webdataset() function. The _default_decoder() function in webdataset_datasource.py unconditionally calls pickle.loads() on tar entries with .pkl/.pickle extensions and torch.load() with weights_only=False on .pt/.pth entries, executing arbitrary code inside Ray remote workers on every worker that processes the malicious archive.

Affected: PyPI: ray

## Summary

`ray.data.read_webdataset(paths=...)` is a `@PublicAPI(stability="alpha")` reader for WebDataset-format TAR files. Its default `decoder=True` invokes `_default_decoder` on every sample's keys, which routes file extension to a decoder by extension. Two of those branches deserialize attacker-controlled bytes with no validation:

- `.pickle` / `.pkl` -> `pickle.loads(value)` - `.pt` / `.pth` -> `torch.load(io.BytesIO(value), weights_only=False)`

Both fire during a standard `ray.data.read_webdataset(...).take_all()` / `.iter_batches()` call. No flags, no opt-in, no environment variable. An attacker who can supply a TAR (via S3 share, HuggingFace Hub mirror, email attachment, model-zoo, or any HTTP URL the user passes to `read_webdataset`) achieves arbitrary code execution in the calling Ray process at schema-sample time, before row data is consumed.

This is the same class of bug as GHSA-mw35-8rx3-xf9r (Parquet Arrow Extension Type cloudpickle deserialization, patched in 2.55.0): standard data-loading API, attacker-controlled file format, deserialization gadget invoked transparently. The 2.55.0 patch addressed `tensor_extensions/arrow.py:_deserialize_with_fallback` and made cloudpickle opt-in via `RAY_DATA_AUTOLOAD_CLOUDPICKLE_TENSOR_METADATA=1`. The WebDataset path is a different code site and was not touched.

## Vulnerable code (HEAD `a157d4d`)

`python/ray/data/_internal/datasource/webdataset_datasource.py` lines 175-225, the `_default_decoder` function:

``…