Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-89
AllowedImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable
The product constructs all or part of an SQL command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended SQL command when it is sent to a downstream component. Without sufficient removal or quoting of SQL syntax in user-controllable inputs, the generated SQL query can cause those inputs to be interpreted as SQL instead of ordinary user data.
29430 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-18137 (GCVE-0-2026-18137)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-22 22:02 – Updated: 2026-09-23 15:01
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
IBM Financial Transaction Manager (FTM) is Impacted by Multiple Vulnerabilities
Summary
IBM Financial Transaction Manager (FTM) for RedHat OpenShift could allow a remote attacker to execute arbitrary ESQL commands due to improper neutralization of special elements used in an ESQL command.
Severity
8.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-23 15:01 UTC
CWE
- CWE-89 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7288641 | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| IBM | Financial Transaction Manager (FTM) for RedHat OpenShift |
Affected:
4.0.6.0 , ≤ 4.0.6.0.0.6.0 Refresh (Operator 4.4.6+20260807.081800)4.0.7.04.0.8.04.0.9.04.0.10.0 Interim Fix 064
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:ibm:financial_transaction_manager_ftmfor_redhat_openshift:4.0.6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-17619 (GCVE-0-2026-17619)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-18 19:21 – Updated: 2026-09-19 14:11
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
The IBM Platform RTM is affected by an SQL injection vulnerability
Summary
IBM Platform RTM is vulnerable to SQL injection. A remote attacker could send specially crafted SQL statements, which could allow the attacker to view, add, modify, or delete information in the back-end database.
Severity
8.6 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-19 13:42 UTC
CWE
- CWE-89 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7287769 | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| IBM | spectrum-lsf : IBM Platform RTM |
Affected:
10.2.0.15,10.2.0.16
cpe:2.3:a:ibm:spectrum_lsf_ibm_platform_rtm:10.2.0.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-17607 (GCVE-0-2026-17607)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-18 07:39 – Updated: 2026-09-18 11:34
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
WP Inventory Manager <= 2.5.1 - Authenticated (Contributor+) SQL Injection via 'where' Shortcode Attribute
Summary
The WP Inventory Manager plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to SQL Injection via the 'where' shortcode attribute of the [wpinventory] shortcode in versions up to, and including, 2.5.1. This is due to insufficient escaping on the user-supplied parameter and lack of sufficient preparation on the existing SQL query in the WPIMItem::get_all() function — parse_custom_where() only performs html_entity_decode(), strips semicolons, and does field-label name replacements, without using $wpdb->prepare() or a whitelist. The resulting string is concatenated into a raw SELECT statement that is executed via $wpdb->get_results(). This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Contributor-level access and above, to append additional SQL queries into already existing queries that can be used to extract sensitive information from the database.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-18 11:32 UTC
CWE
- CWE-89 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection')
Assigner
References
7 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| chuck1982 | WP Inventory Manager |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 2.5.1
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-17589 (GCVE-0-2026-17589)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-01 04:27 – Updated: 2026-09-01 17:53
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Shopping Cart & eCommerce Store <= 5.9.2 - Authenticated (Administrator+) SQL Injection via 'product_order' Parameter
Summary
The Shopping Cart & eCommerce Store plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to generic SQL Injection via the 'product_order' parameter in all versions up to, and including, 5.9.2 due to insufficient escaping on the user supplied parameter and lack of sufficient preparation on the existing SQL query. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with administrator-level access and above, to append additional SQL queries into already existing queries that can be used to extract sensitive information from the database. This is a second-order SQL injection: the payload is written to the ec_pageoption table via the ec_ajax_save_page_options handler — which applies no sanitization to raw $_POST values — and is later retrieved with stripslashes() (bypassing WordPress magic-quotes protection) before being concatenated directly into SQL on every store page render.
Severity
4.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-01 17:53 UTC
CWE
- CWE-89 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| levelfourstorefront | Shopping Cart & eCommerce Store |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 5.9.2
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-17582 (GCVE-0-2026-17582)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-16 05:27 – Updated: 2026-08-18 19:21
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Slider Hero with Video Background, Animation <= 9.1.7 - Authenticated (Administrator+) SQL Injection via 'description' Slide Field (Second-Order via Duplicate)
Summary
The Slider Hero plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to second-order SQL Injection in versions up to, and including, 9.1.7 via the qcld_sliderhero_duplicate() function. Slide data (description, title, btn, btn2, image_link, custom, etc.) is stored safely via $wpdb->update() with %s placeholders in the qchero_save_image AJAX handler, but when an administrator triggers the 'heroduplicateslider' task, qcld_sliderhero_duplicate() re-reads every slide column and concatenates the raw values directly into an INSERT VALUES tuple that is then executed with $wpdb->query() — with no $wpdb->prepare(), esc_sql(), or _real_escape_string in between. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with administrator-level access and above, to append additional SQL queries into already existing queries that can be used to extract sensitive information from the database.
Severity
4.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-18 19:21 UTC
CWE
- CWE-89 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection')
Assigner
References
6 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| quantumcloud | Slider Hero with Video Background, Animation |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 9.1.7
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-17576 (GCVE-0-2026-17576)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-18 06:38 – Updated: 2026-09-18 14:31
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
InfiniteWP Client <= 1.13.9 - Authenticated (Admin+) SQL Injection via 'iwp_get_comments_*' Array Key
Summary
The InfiniteWP Client plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to SQL Injection via the get_comments action in versions up to, and including, 1.13.9. This is due to insufficient escaping on the array-key names supplied in the JSON request body before use in a SQL statement: IWP_MMB_Comment::get_comments() calls extract() on $args (which silently skips keys that are not valid PHP variable names) but a second foreach($args as $checkbox => $checkbox_val) processes every key, strips the 'iwp_get_comments_' prefix with str_replace(), wraps the remainder in single quotes, and imploded it into an IN(...) clause that is executed via $wpdb->get_results() with no prepare(). Because the request body is read from php://input and JSON-decoded, wp_magic_quotes() never touches the data, so quote characters in keys pass through unaltered. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with administrator-level access and above (an administrator can register their own public key via add_site using the plugin's WP-admin-generated activation_key and then issue signed get_comments requests), to append additional SQL queries into already existing queries that can be used to extract sensitive information from the database.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-18 14:18 UTC
CWE
- CWE-89 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection')
Assigner
References
7 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| revmakx | InfiniteWP Client |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 1.13.9
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-17555 (GCVE-0-2026-17555)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-01 08:32 – Updated: 2026-08-03 18:01
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
WPvivid <= 0.9.131 - Authenticated (Administrator+) SQL Injection via 'export_data' Parameter
Summary
The WPvivid Backup & Migration plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to SQL Injection via the export_data parameter in versions up to, and including, 0.9.131. This is due to insufficient escaping on the user supplied parameter and lack of sufficient preparation on the existing SQL query. The values are received in prepare_export_post(), passed through sanitize_text_field() and stripslashes(), JSON-decoded, and the attacker-controlled JSON object keys are collected as $posts_ids without integer casting. They are stored in the export task options and later joined with commas and interpolated directly into a `WHERE ID IN (...)` clause inside a $wpdb->get_results() call in export_post_to_xml() (unquoted, numeric context), with no $wpdb->prepare() or esc_sql(). This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Administrator-level access and above, to append additional SQL queries into already existing queries that can be used to extract sensitive information from the database.
Severity
4.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-03 18:01 UTC
CWE
- CWE-89 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| wpvividplugins | WPvivid — Backup, Migration & Staging |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 0.9.131
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-17543 (GCVE-0-2026-17543)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-30 11:22 – Updated: 2026-07-31 03:55
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
SQL injection in ext-pgsql via E'...' backslash breakout
Summary
Improper escaping of backslashes in attacker-provided parameters would allow for trivial SQL injection in PHP versions from 8.2.* before 8.2.33, from 8.3.* before 8.3.33, from 8.4.* before 8.4.24, and from 8.5.* before 8.5.9.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-30 00:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-89 - Improper neutralization of special elements used in an SQL command ('SQL injection')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/php/php-src/security/advisorie… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-17509 (GCVE-0-2026-17509)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-08 11:30 – Updated: 2026-09-08 12:18
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
WPML Multilingual CMS <= 4.9.5 - Incorrect Authorization to Authenticated (Subscriber+) SQL Injection via ‘elementIds’
Summary
The WPML Multilingual CMS plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to time-based SQL Injection via the ‘elementIds’ parameter in all versions up to, and including, 4.9.5 due to insufficient escaping on the user supplied parameter and lack of sufficient preparation on the existing SQL query. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to append additional SQL queries into already existing queries that can be used to extract sensitive information from the database. This vulnerability is exploitable due to an authorization bypass where the registered authorization callback fails to execute, allowing any authenticated user regardless of role to access administrative translation functionalities.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-08 12:17 UTC
CWE
- CWE-89 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection')
Assigner
References
2 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| WPML | WPML Multilingual CMS |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 4.9.5
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-17419 (GCVE-0-2026-17419)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-12 17:23 – Updated: 2026-08-17 12:29
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
IBM i is Affected By Multiple Vulnerabilities in SQL
Summary
IBM i 7.6, 7.5, 7.4, and 7.3 could allow a remote authenticated attacker to modify SQL tables due to improper neutralization of special elements used in an SQL command.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-14 13:44 UTC
CWE
- CWE-89 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7283289 | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| IBM | i |
Affected:
7.6
Affected: 7.5 Affected: 7.4 Affected: 7.3 cpe:2.3:a:ibm:i:7.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:i:7.6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:i:7.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:i:7.5.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:i:7.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:i:7.4.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:i:7.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:i:7.3.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
- For example, consider using persistence layers such as Hibernate or Enterprise Java Beans, which can provide significant protection against SQL injection if used properly.
Mitigation MIT-27
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Parameterization
- If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
- Process SQL queries using prepared statements, parameterized queries, or stored procedures. These features should accept parameters or variables and support strong typing. Do not dynamically construct and execute query strings within these features using "exec" or similar functionality, since this may re-introduce the possibility of SQL injection. [REF-867]
Mitigation MIT-17
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
- Specifically, follow the principle of least privilege when creating user accounts to a SQL database. The database users should only have the minimum privileges necessary to use their account. If the requirements of the system indicate that a user can read and modify their own data, then limit their privileges so they cannot read/write others' data. Use the strictest permissions possible on all database objects, such as execute-only for stored procedures.
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation MIT-28
Implementation
Strategy: Output Encoding
- While it is risky to use dynamically-generated query strings, code, or commands that mix control and data together, sometimes it may be unavoidable. Properly quote arguments and escape any special characters within those arguments. The most conservative approach is to escape or filter all characters that do not pass an extremely strict allowlist (such as everything that is not alphanumeric or white space). If some special characters are still needed, such as white space, wrap each argument in quotes after the escaping/filtering step. Be careful of argument injection (CWE-88).
- Instead of building a new implementation, such features may be available in the database or programming language. For example, the Oracle DBMS_ASSERT package can check or enforce that parameters have certain properties that make them less vulnerable to SQL injection. For MySQL, the mysql_real_escape_string() API function is available in both C and PHP.
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When constructing SQL query strings, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set based on the expected value of the parameter in the request. This will indirectly limit the scope of an attack, but this technique is less important than proper output encoding and escaping.
- Note that proper output encoding, escaping, and quoting is the most effective solution for preventing SQL injection, although input validation may provide some defense-in-depth. This is because it effectively limits what will appear in output. Input validation will not always prevent SQL injection, especially if you are required to support free-form text fields that could contain arbitrary characters. For example, the name "O'Reilly" would likely pass the validation step, since it is a common last name in the English language. However, it cannot be directly inserted into the database because it contains the "'" apostrophe character, which would need to be escaped or otherwise handled. In this case, stripping the apostrophe might reduce the risk of SQL injection, but it would produce incorrect behavior because the wrong name would be recorded.
- When feasible, it may be safest to disallow meta-characters entirely, instead of escaping them. This will provide some defense in depth. After the data is entered into the database, later processes may neglect to escape meta-characters before use, and you may not have control over those processes.
Mitigation MIT-21
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
Mitigation MIT-39
Implementation
- Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
- If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
- Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
- In the context of SQL Injection, error messages revealing the structure of a SQL query can help attackers tailor successful attack strings.
Mitigation MIT-29
Operation
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481.
Mitigation MIT-16
Operation
Implementation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.
CAPEC-108: Command Line Execution through SQL Injection
An attacker uses standard SQL injection methods to inject data into the command line for execution. This could be done directly through misuse of directives such as MSSQL_xp_cmdshell or indirectly through injection of data into the database that would be interpreted as shell commands. Sometime later, an unscrupulous backend application (or could be part of the functionality of the same application) fetches the injected data stored in the database and uses this data as command line arguments without performing proper validation. The malicious data escapes that data plane by spawning new commands to be executed on the host.
CAPEC-109: Object Relational Mapping Injection
An attacker leverages a weakness present in the database access layer code generated with an Object Relational Mapping (ORM) tool or a weakness in the way that a developer used a persistence framework to inject their own SQL commands to be executed against the underlying database. The attack here is similar to plain SQL injection, except that the application does not use JDBC to directly talk to the database, but instead it uses a data access layer generated by an ORM tool or framework (e.g. Hibernate). While most of the time code generated by an ORM tool contains safe access methods that are immune to SQL injection, sometimes either due to some weakness in the generated code or due to the fact that the developer failed to use the generated access methods properly, SQL injection is still possible.
CAPEC-110: SQL Injection through SOAP Parameter Tampering
An attacker modifies the parameters of the SOAP message that is sent from the service consumer to the service provider to initiate a SQL injection attack. On the service provider side, the SOAP message is parsed and parameters are not properly validated before being used to access a database in a way that does not use parameter binding, thus enabling the attacker to control the structure of the executed SQL query. This pattern describes a SQL injection attack with the delivery mechanism being a SOAP message.
CAPEC-470: Expanding Control over the Operating System from the Database
An attacker is able to leverage access gained to the database to read / write data to the file system, compromise the operating system, create a tunnel for accessing the host machine, and use this access to potentially attack other machines on the same network as the database machine. Traditionally SQL injections attacks are viewed as a way to gain unauthorized read access to the data stored in the database, modify the data in the database, delete the data, etc. However, almost every data base management system (DBMS) system includes facilities that if compromised allow an attacker complete access to the file system, operating system, and full access to the host running the database. The attacker can then use this privileged access to launch subsequent attacks. These facilities include dropping into a command shell, creating user defined functions that can call system level libraries present on the host machine, stored procedures, etc.
CAPEC-66: SQL Injection
This attack exploits target software that constructs SQL statements based on user input. An attacker crafts input strings so that when the target software constructs SQL statements based on the input, the resulting SQL statement performs actions other than those the application intended. SQL Injection results from failure of the application to appropriately validate input.
CAPEC-7: Blind SQL Injection
Blind SQL Injection results from an insufficient mitigation for SQL Injection. Although suppressing database error messages are considered best practice, the suppression alone is not sufficient to prevent SQL Injection. Blind SQL Injection is a form of SQL Injection that overcomes the lack of error messages. Without the error messages that facilitate SQL Injection, the adversary constructs input strings that probe the target through simple Boolean SQL expressions. The adversary can determine if the syntax and structure of the injection was successful based on whether the query was executed or not. Applied iteratively, the adversary determines how and where the target is vulnerable to SQL Injection.