CWE-862
Allowed-with-ReviewMissing Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
18003 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-RMPJ-H4JP-WJG7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-18 09:30 – Updated: 2026-01-20 15:32Missing Authorization vulnerability in Anton Vanyukov Offload, AI & Optimize with Cloudflare Images cf-images allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Offload, AI & Optimize with Cloudflare Images: from n/a through <= 1.9.5.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-66104"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-18T08:16:16Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Anton Vanyukov Offload, AI \u0026amp; Optimize with Cloudflare Images cf-images allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Offload, AI \u0026amp; Optimize with Cloudflare Images: from n/a through \u003c= 1.9.5.",
"id": "GHSA-rmpj-h4jp-wjg7",
"modified": "2026-01-20T15:32:32Z",
"published": "2025-12-18T09:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-66104"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/cf-images/vulnerability/wordpress-offload-ai-optimize-with-cloudflare-images-plugin-1-9-5-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/cf-images/vulnerability/wordpress-offload-ai-optimize-with-cloudflare-images-plugin-1-9-5-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-RMPP-4243-5Q4X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-12 09:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 06:02In telephony service, there is a missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-30935"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-07-12T09:15:11Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In telephony service, there is a missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed.",
"id": "GHSA-rmpp-4243-5q4x",
"modified": "2024-04-04T06:02:52Z",
"published": "2023-07-12T09:30:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-30935"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/1676902764208259073"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-RMPQ-8RRX-V2XV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-21 15:31 – Updated: 2026-01-20 15:31Missing Authorization vulnerability in Jegstudio Gutenverse gutenverse allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Gutenverse: from n/a through <= 3.2.1.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-66065"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-21T13:15:47Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Jegstudio Gutenverse gutenverse allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Gutenverse: from n/a through \u003c= 3.2.1.",
"id": "GHSA-rmpq-8rrx-v2xv",
"modified": "2026-01-20T15:31:56Z",
"published": "2025-11-21T15:31:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-66065"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/gutenverse/vulnerability/wordpress-gutenverse-plugin-3-2-1-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/gutenverse/vulnerability/wordpress-gutenverse-plugin-3-2-1-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-RMQ8-5GXG-MJQX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-10 21:32 – Updated: 2026-08-10 21:32Vault Enterprise's identity entity batch-delete endpoint is vulnerable to a cross-namespace authorization bypass that may allow an authenticated caller in one namespace to permanently delete the storage backing of entities belonging to another namespace. This vulnerability (CVE-2026-14886) is fixed in Vault Enterprise 2.0.4, 1.21.9, 1.20.14 and 1.19.20.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-14886"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-08-10T20:17:26Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Vault Enterprise\u0027s identity entity batch-delete endpoint is vulnerable to a cross-namespace authorization bypass that may allow an authenticated caller in one namespace to permanently delete the storage backing of entities belonging to another namespace. This vulnerability (CVE-2026-14886) is fixed in Vault Enterprise 2.0.4, 1.21.9, 1.20.14 and 1.19.20.",
"id": "GHSA-rmq8-5gxg-mjqx",
"modified": "2026-08-10T21:32:04Z",
"published": "2026-08-10T21:32:04Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-14886"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://discuss.hashicorp.com/t/hcsec-2026-27-vault-enterprise-vulnerable-to-cross-namespace-entity-deletion/77634"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-RMRM-52J9-F57Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-26 09:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:31Missing Authorization vulnerability in Stuart Wilson Joy Of Text Lite.This issue affects Joy Of Text Lite: from n/a through 2.3.1.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-47337"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-09-26T09:15:02Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Stuart Wilson Joy Of Text Lite.This issue affects Joy Of Text Lite: from n/a through 2.3.1.",
"id": "GHSA-rmrm-52j9-f57q",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:31:54Z",
"published": "2024-09-26T09:31:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-47337"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/joy-of-text/vulnerability/wordpress-joy-of-text-lite-plugin-2-3-1-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/joy-of-text/wordpress-joy-of-text-lite-plugin-2-3-1-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-RMVH-QJJH-896C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:01 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:01An issue was discovered in Emote Remote Mouse through 4.0.0.0. Remote unauthenticated users can execute arbitrary code via crafted UDP packets with no prior authorization or authentication.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-27573"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-05-07T19:31:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in Emote Remote Mouse through 4.0.0.0. Remote unauthenticated users can execute arbitrary code via crafted UDP packets with no prior authorization or authentication.",
"id": "GHSA-rmvh-qjjh-896c",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:01:44Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:01:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-27573"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://axelp.io/MouseTrap"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://remotemouse.net/blog"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-RMW6-P597-WHPC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-12 06:31 – Updated: 2026-04-08 18:34The Premmerce Wishlist for WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Missing Authorization in all versions up to, and including, 1.1.10. This is due to a missing capability check on the deleteWishlist() function. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to delete arbitrary wishlists.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-13440"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-12T04:15:41Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Premmerce Wishlist for WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Missing Authorization in all versions up to, and including, 1.1.10. This is due to a missing capability check on the deleteWishlist() function. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to delete arbitrary wishlists.",
"id": "GHSA-rmw6-p597-whpc",
"modified": "2026-04-08T18:34:00Z",
"published": "2025-12-12T06:31:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-13440"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/premmerce-woocommerce-wishlist/tags/1.1.10/src/Admin/Admin.php#L334"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/premmerce-woocommerce-wishlist/trunk/src/Admin/Admin.php#L334"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3426971"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/9347900c-61c2-4d63-885e-e971c646b737?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-RMWW-278F-6FPV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-01 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:34Missing Authorization vulnerability in Stylemix Pearl allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Pearl: from n/a through 1.3.9.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-31881"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-04-01T15:16:30Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Stylemix Pearl allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Pearl: from n/a through 1.3.9.",
"id": "GHSA-rmww-278f-6fpv",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:34:24Z",
"published": "2025-04-01T15:31:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-31881"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/pearl-header-builder/vulnerability/wordpress-pearl-plugin-1-3-9-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-RMXW-PQ4X-3FVH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-28 21:59 – Updated: 2026-07-28 21:59GHSA-wvhv-qcqf-f3cx fixed the per-folder .goshs ACL bypass on the state-changing routes (PUT/POST upload/?mkdir/?delete) and added recursive ACL resolution, and its description states the read/list path correctly enforces .goshs. That premise does not hold for the ?bulk zip-download route. bulkDownload (httpserver/updown.go) takes one or more ?file= parameters, runs each through sanitizePath(fs.Webroot, file), and streams the contents back as a ZIP without ever calling findEffectiveACL/applyCustomAuth. It is dispatched from earlyBreakParameters (?bulk) before the normal doDir/doFile/sendFile flow that performs the ACL check. An unauthenticated attacker can therefore read any file under the webroot protected solely by a .goshs ACL, bypassing both the folder auth (401 on the normal path) and the per-file block list (404 on the normal path). Same authorization-inconsistency root cause as the original advisory, surviving on a read route the fix did not cover.
Proof of concept (live, against the fixed v2.1.0 build which includes fix commit f212c4f4, served with no global -b auth, only a per-folder .goshs): GET /protected/secret.txt -> 401 (ACL enforced on normal path) GET /protected/secret.txt -u admin:admin -> 200 GET /?bulk&file=/protected/secret.txt -> 200, zip contains the protected file contents (BYPASS) GET /?bulk&file=/protected/blocked.txt -> 200, zip contains the block-listed file (block bypass) GET /protected/secret.txt?share -> 403 'Sharing disabled when auth is disabled' (correctly gated, NOT a bypass)
Impact: any unauthenticated network attacker can read files an operator protected with the documented per-folder .goshs ACL/basic-auth feature, by requesting them through ?bulk. Confidentiality only (the write/delete equivalents were closed by GHSA-wvhv-qcqf-f3cx). Applies to deployments relying on .goshs as the access boundary (a server-wide -b basic auth, if configured, also gates ?bulk via its middleware).
Remediation: enforce the effective .goshs ACL inside bulkDownload for every requested file exactly as sendFile/processDir do (resolve findEffectiveACL(filepath.Dir(absPath)) + applyCustomAuth + honor acl.Block), or route ?bulk through the same authorization gate as the normal read path. Audit ?cbDown and other alternate read routes for the same gap.
Credit: anir0y (independent security research).
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/patrickhener/goshs"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "1.1.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2.1.0"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/patrickhener/goshs/v2"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.1.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "goshs.de/goshs"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "1.1.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2.1.0"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "goshs.de/goshs/v2"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.1.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-54719"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862",
"CWE-863"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-07-28T21:59:48Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "GHSA-wvhv-qcqf-f3cx fixed the per-folder .goshs ACL bypass on the state-changing routes (PUT/POST upload/?mkdir/?delete) and added recursive ACL resolution, and its description states the read/list path correctly enforces .goshs. That premise does not hold for the ?bulk zip-download route. bulkDownload (httpserver/updown.go) takes one or more ?file= parameters, runs each through sanitizePath(fs.Webroot, file), and streams the contents back as a ZIP without ever calling findEffectiveACL/applyCustomAuth. It is dispatched from earlyBreakParameters (?bulk) before the normal doDir/doFile/sendFile flow that performs the ACL check. An unauthenticated attacker can therefore read any file under the webroot protected solely by a .goshs ACL, bypassing both the folder auth (401 on the normal path) and the per-file block list (404 on the normal path). Same authorization-inconsistency root cause as the original advisory, surviving on a read route the fix did not cover.\n\nProof of concept (live, against the fixed v2.1.0 build which includes fix commit f212c4f4, served with no global -b auth, only a per-folder .goshs):\n GET /protected/secret.txt -\u003e 401 (ACL enforced on normal path)\n GET /protected/secret.txt -u admin:admin -\u003e 200\n GET /?bulk\u0026file=/protected/secret.txt -\u003e 200, zip contains the protected file contents (BYPASS)\n GET /?bulk\u0026file=/protected/blocked.txt -\u003e 200, zip contains the block-listed file (block bypass)\n GET /protected/secret.txt?share -\u003e 403 \u0027Sharing disabled when auth is disabled\u0027 (correctly gated, NOT a bypass)\n\nImpact: any unauthenticated network attacker can read files an operator protected with the documented per-folder .goshs ACL/basic-auth feature, by requesting them through ?bulk. Confidentiality only (the write/delete equivalents were closed by GHSA-wvhv-qcqf-f3cx). Applies to deployments relying on .goshs as the access boundary (a server-wide -b basic auth, if configured, also gates ?bulk via its middleware).\n\nRemediation: enforce the effective .goshs ACL inside bulkDownload for every requested file exactly as sendFile/processDir do (resolve findEffectiveACL(filepath.Dir(absPath)) + applyCustomAuth + honor acl.Block), or route ?bulk through the same authorization gate as the normal read path. Audit ?cbDown and other alternate read routes for the same gap.\n\nCredit: anir0y (independent security research).",
"id": "GHSA-rmxw-pq4x-3fvh",
"modified": "2026-07-28T21:59:48Z",
"published": "2026-07-28T21:59:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/goshs-labs/goshs/security/advisories/GHSA-rmxw-pq4x-3fvh"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/goshs-labs/goshs/commit/7cf911a26ace737e1a55b7dc073e307a25f7fd1d"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/goshs-labs/goshs"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/goshs-labs/goshs/releases/tag/v2.1.1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "goshs: File-based .goshs ACL authorization bypass via the ?bulk zip-download route (unauthenticated read; residual of GHSA-wvhv-qcqf-f3cx)"
}
GHSA-RP33-8597-JC3X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-09-11 15:31 – Updated: 2024-04-04 07:35In PHPJabbers Cleaning Business Software 1.0, there is no encryption on user passwords allowing an attacker to gain access to all user accounts.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-36140"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-09-11T15:16:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "In PHPJabbers Cleaning Business Software 1.0, there is no encryption on user passwords allowing an attacker to gain access to all user accounts.",
"id": "GHSA-rp33-8597-jc3x",
"modified": "2024-04-04T07:35:27Z",
"published": "2023-09-11T15:31:01Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-36140"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://medium.com/%40blakehodder/additional-vulnerabilities-in-php-jabbers-scripts-c6bbd89b24bb"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://medium.com/@blakehodder/additional-vulnerabilities-in-php-jabbers-scripts-c6bbd89b24bb"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.phpjabbers.com/cleaning-business-software"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.