CWE-862
Allowed-with-ReviewMissing Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
18003 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-QCWF-HQPF-PXGV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-04 15:31 – Updated: 2025-11-05 17:48A lack of authorisation vulnerability has been detected in CanalDenuncia.app. This vulnerability allows an attacker to access other users' information by sending a POST through the parameter 'web' in '/backend/api/buscarConfiguracionParametros2.php'.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-41112"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-04T13:15:34Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A lack of authorisation vulnerability has been detected in CanalDenuncia.app. This vulnerability allows an attacker to access other users\u0027 information by sending a POST through the\u00a0parameter \u0027web\u0027 in \u0027/backend/api/buscarConfiguracionParametros2.php\u0027.",
"id": "GHSA-qcwf-hqpf-pxgv",
"modified": "2025-11-05T17:48:27Z",
"published": "2025-11-04T15:31:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-41112"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.incibe.es/en/incibe-cert/notices/aviso/multiple-vulnerabilities-canaldenunciaapp"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-QF2H-JC2C-H8MW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-06 09:30 – Updated: 2024-12-06 09:30The AI Quiz | Quiz Maker plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data that can lead to privilege escalation due to a missing capability check on the ai_quiz_update_style() function in all versions up to, and including, 1.1. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to update arbitrary options on the WordPress site. This can be leveraged to update the default role for registration to administrator and enable user registration for attackers to gain administrative user access to a vulnerable site.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-11323"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-06T09:15:06Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The AI Quiz | Quiz Maker plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data that can lead to privilege escalation due to a missing capability check on the ai_quiz_update_style() function in all versions up to, and including, 1.1. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to update arbitrary options on the WordPress site. This can be leveraged to update the default role for registration to administrator and enable user registration for attackers to gain administrative user access to a vulnerable site.",
"id": "GHSA-qf2h-jc2c-h8mw",
"modified": "2024-12-06T09:30:47Z",
"published": "2024-12-06T09:30:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-11323"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/ai-quiz/tags/1.1/functions.php#L688"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/53591a3b-8a99-40e2-8145-1d7785bcbab4?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QF2Q-G63V-VHH7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:28 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:28Arbitrary code execution vulnerability on Micro Focus Operation Bridge Reporter, affecting version 10.40 and earlier. The vulnerability could allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of OBR.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-11856"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-09-22T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Arbitrary code execution vulnerability on Micro Focus Operation Bridge Reporter, affecting version 10.40 and earlier. The vulnerability could allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of OBR.",
"id": "GHSA-qf2q-g63v-vhh7",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:28:52Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:28:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-11856"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://softwaresupport.softwaregrp.com/doc/KM03710590"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-20-1216"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-QF2W-QPRX-C232
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-26 06:31 – Updated: 2025-06-26 06:31An issue has been discovered in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions from 17.2 before 17.11.5, 18.0 before 18.0.3, and 18.1 before 18.1.1 that could have allowed authenticated users with Guest role permissions to add child items to incident work items by sending crafted API requests that bypassed UI-enforced role restrictions.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-5315"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-06-26T06:15:23Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue has been discovered in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions from 17.2 before 17.11.5, 18.0 before 18.0.3, and 18.1 before 18.1.1 that could have allowed authenticated users with Guest role permissions to add child items to incident work items by sending crafted API requests that bypassed UI-enforced role restrictions.",
"id": "GHSA-qf2w-qprx-c232",
"modified": "2025-06-26T06:31:04Z",
"published": "2025-06-26T06:31:04Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-5315"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/3163037"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/546282"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QF34-295C-26V8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-14 20:29 – Updated: 2026-07-14 20:29Impact
A privilege escalation vulnerability affects Woodpecker instances using the Kubernetes backend.
The pipeline option backend_options.kubernetes.serviceAccountName was passed directly to the pod spec without any admin gating.
Who is impacted: any operator running the Kubernetes backend. Any user with Push permission on a connected repository can run pipeline pods under an arbitrary ServiceAccount in the pipeline namespace, gaining that account's RBAC permissions. If a privileged ServiceAccount is reachable in that namespace, this can lead to secret exfiltration (database credentials, API keys, TLS certs) and full cluster takeover.
Patches
https://github.com/woodpecker-ci/woodpecker/pull/6792
Workarounds
Operators who cannot upgrade immediately can mitigate by any of:
- Restrict Push access on repositories connected to the Kubernetes-backed instance to trusted users only.
- Harden the pipeline namespace: ensure no privileged ServiceAccount exists or is bound in
the namespace where pipeline pods run; keep the
defaultServiceAccount minimally privileged. - Disable ServiceAccount token automounting for ServiceAccounts that should not be used by pipelines.
- Enforce an admission policy (e.g. OPA/Gatekeeper, Kyverno, or a ValidatingAdmissionPolicy)
that rejects pipeline pods setting an unexpected
serviceAccountName. - Use a dedicated, isolated namespace per org/instance with no sensitive RBAC bindings.
Resources
- Vulnerable option introduced in commit
609ba481b5e912f59aaae8ca7bc22b44523c5e37 - Affected versions:
v1.0.0throughv3.15.0 - Source:
pipeline/backend/kubernetes/backend_options.go(fieldServiceAccountName),pipeline/backend/kubernetes/pod.go(assigned to pod spec with no gating)
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "go.woodpecker-ci.org/woodpecker/v3"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.16.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/woodpecker-ci/woodpecker"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.0.0"
},
{
"last_affected": "1.0.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "go.woodpecker-ci.org/woodpecker/v2"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "2.8.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-61549"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-269",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-07-14T20:29:32Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nA privilege escalation vulnerability affects Woodpecker instances using the **Kubernetes backend**.\n\nThe pipeline option `backend_options.kubernetes.serviceAccountName` was passed directly to the pod spec without any admin gating.\n\n**Who is impacted:** any operator running the Kubernetes backend. Any user with **Push** permission on a connected repository can run pipeline pods under an arbitrary ServiceAccount in the pipeline namespace, gaining that account\u0027s RBAC permissions. If a privileged ServiceAccount is reachable in that namespace, this can lead to secret exfiltration (database credentials, API keys, TLS certs) and full cluster takeover.\n\n### Patches\n\nhttps://github.com/woodpecker-ci/woodpecker/pull/6792\n\n### Workarounds\n\nOperators who cannot upgrade immediately can mitigate by any of:\n\n- **Restrict Push access** on repositories connected to the Kubernetes-backed instance to\n trusted users only.\n- **Harden the pipeline namespace**: ensure no privileged ServiceAccount exists or is bound in\n the namespace where pipeline pods run; keep the `default` ServiceAccount minimally privileged.\n- **Disable ServiceAccount token automounting** for ServiceAccounts that should not be used by\n pipelines.\n- **Enforce an admission policy** (e.g. OPA/Gatekeeper, Kyverno, or a ValidatingAdmissionPolicy)\n that rejects pipeline pods setting an unexpected `serviceAccountName`.\n- **Use a dedicated, isolated namespace** per org/instance with no sensitive RBAC bindings.\n\n### Resources\n\n- Vulnerable option introduced in commit `609ba481b5e912f59aaae8ca7bc22b44523c5e37`\n- Affected versions: `v1.0.0` through `v3.15.0`\n- Source: `pipeline/backend/kubernetes/backend_options.go` (field `ServiceAccountName`),\n `pipeline/backend/kubernetes/pod.go` (assigned to pod spec with no gating)",
"id": "GHSA-qf34-295c-26v8",
"modified": "2026-07-14T20:29:32Z",
"published": "2026-07-14T20:29:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/woodpecker-ci/woodpecker/security/advisories/GHSA-qf34-295c-26v8"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/woodpecker-ci/woodpecker/pull/6792"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/woodpecker-ci/woodpecker"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Woodpecker: Privilege escalation via unrestricted serviceAccountName in the Kubernetes backend"
}
GHSA-QF3X-G8X3-RCJC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-07 00:31 – Updated: 2026-08-07 00:31Missing authorization in Microsoft Teams allows an unauthorized attacker to elevate privileges over a network.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-65667"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-08-07T00:16:38Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Missing authorization in Microsoft Teams allows an unauthorized attacker to elevate privileges over a network.",
"id": "GHSA-qf3x-g8x3-rcjc",
"modified": "2026-08-07T00:31:24Z",
"published": "2026-08-07T00:31:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-65667"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-65667"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QF42-F5VF-6W99
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-09-06 15:30 – Updated: 2024-01-30 23:01Jenkins Assembla Auth Plugin 1.14 and earlier does not verify that the permissions it grants are enabled, resulting in users with EDIT permissions to be granted Overall/Manage and Overall/SystemRead permissions, even if those permissions are disabled and should not be granted.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.jenkins-ci.plugins:assembla-auth"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "1.14"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-41945"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-01-30T23:01:31Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-09-06T13:15:11Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Jenkins Assembla Auth Plugin 1.14 and earlier does not verify that the permissions it grants are enabled, resulting in users with EDIT permissions to be granted Overall/Manage and Overall/SystemRead permissions, even if those permissions are disabled and should not be granted.",
"id": "GHSA-qf42-f5vf-6w99",
"modified": "2024-01-30T23:01:31Z",
"published": "2023-09-06T15:30:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-41945"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.jenkins.io/security/advisory/2023-09-06/#SECURITY-3065"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2023/09/06/9"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Disabled permissions granted by Jenkins Assembla Auth Plugin"
}
GHSA-QF44-4QFP-XRWM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-03 09:30 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:35Missing Authorization vulnerability in SlickRemix Feed Them Social.This issue affects Feed Them Social: from n/a through 4.2.0.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-24710"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-05-03T08:15:07Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in SlickRemix Feed Them Social.This issue affects Feed Them Social: from n/a through 4.2.0.",
"id": "GHSA-qf44-4qfp-xrwm",
"modified": "2026-04-28T21:35:02Z",
"published": "2024-05-03T09:30:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-24710"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/feed-them-social/wordpress-feed-them-social-plugin-4-2-0-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-QF4P-7GQC-X6JX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-07-28 00:00 – Updated: 2023-10-27 20:16Jenkins Compuware Topaz Utilities Plugin 1.0.8 and earlier does not perform permission checks in several HTTP endpoints.
This allows attackers with Overall/Read permission to enumerate hosts and ports of Compuware configurations and credentials IDs of credentials stored in Jenkins. Those credentials IDs can be used as part of an attack to capture the credentials using another vulnerability.
Compuware Topaz Utilities Plugin 1.0.9 requires the appropriate permissions to enumerate hosts and ports of Compuware configurations and credentials IDs.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 1.0.8"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.compuware.jenkins:compuware-topaz-utilities"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.0.9"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-36895"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-08-10T21:14:01Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-07-27T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Jenkins Compuware Topaz Utilities Plugin 1.0.8 and earlier does not perform permission checks in several HTTP endpoints.\n\nThis allows attackers with Overall/Read permission to enumerate hosts and ports of Compuware configurations and credentials IDs of credentials stored in Jenkins. Those credentials IDs can be used as part of an attack to capture the credentials using another vulnerability.\n\nCompuware Topaz Utilities Plugin 1.0.9 requires the appropriate permissions to enumerate hosts and ports of Compuware configurations and credentials IDs.",
"id": "GHSA-qf4p-7gqc-x6jx",
"modified": "2023-10-27T20:16:35Z",
"published": "2022-07-28T00:00:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-36895"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/compuware-topaz-utilities-plugin/commit/a79f95c7d32ad6a2e161159fa77f371705f3b20d"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.jenkins.io/security/advisory/2022-07-27/#SECURITY-2619"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2022/07/27/1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Jenkins Compuware Topaz Utilities Plugin is missing authorization"
}
GHSA-QF5W-6PPH-H289
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-08 12:30 – Updated: 2026-01-20 15:33Missing Authorization vulnerability in G5Theme Zorka zorka allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Zorka: from n/a through <= 1.5.7.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-0676"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-08T10:15:55Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in G5Theme Zorka zorka allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Zorka: from n/a through \u003c= 1.5.7.",
"id": "GHSA-qf5w-6pph-h289",
"modified": "2026-01-20T15:33:11Z",
"published": "2026-01-08T12:30:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-0676"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Theme/zorka/vulnerability/wordpress-zorka-theme-1-5-7-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Theme/zorka/vulnerability/wordpress-zorka-theme-1-5-7-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.