Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

18003 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-P32W-FR4C-XP93

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-19 15:32 – Updated: 2026-08-19 15:32
VLAI
Details

ArcadeDB (com.arcadedb) versions 26.7.3 and earlier fail to enforce the UPDATE_SCHEMA permission check when a DEFINE FUNCTION statement targets an already-existing function library. A user with only database access can add or overwrite SQL or Cypher functions in an existing library and persist the change, enabling tampering with admin-defined function logic. The issue is fixed in 26.8.1. (JavaScript functions still trigger the UPDATE_SECURITY check and are not affected.)

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-76223"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-08-19T14:17:48Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "ArcadeDB (com.arcadedb) versions 26.7.3 and earlier fail to enforce the UPDATE_SCHEMA permission check when a DEFINE FUNCTION statement targets an already-existing function library. A user with only database access can add or overwrite SQL or Cypher functions in an existing library and persist the change, enabling tampering with admin-defined function logic. The issue is fixed in 26.8.1. (JavaScript functions still trigger the UPDATE_SECURITY check and are not affected.)",
  "id": "GHSA-p32w-fr4c-xp93",
  "modified": "2026-08-19T15:32:34Z",
  "published": "2026-08-19T15:32:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ArcadeData/arcadedb/security/advisories/GHSA-rv64-62hr-wv2p"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-76223"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/arcadedb-before-permission-bypass-via-define-function"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-P334-GFHQ-C7W6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-29 15:30 – Updated: 2026-05-06 22:44
VLAI
Summary
Jenkins Script Security Plugin: Missing permission checks allow enumeration of pending and approved classpaths
Details

Jenkins Script Security Plugin versions 1399.ve6a_66547f6e1 and earlier do not perform a permission check in an HTTP endpoint.

This allows attackers with Overall/Read permission to enumerate pending and approved Script Security classpaths.

Script Security Plugin 1402.v94c9ce464861 requires Overall/Administer permission to enumerate pending and approved Script Security classpaths.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.jenkins-ci.plugins:script-security"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1402.v94c9ce464861"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-42519"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-06T22:44:55Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-29T14:16:18Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Jenkins Script Security Plugin versions 1399.ve6a_66547f6e1 and earlier do not perform a permission check in an HTTP endpoint.\n\nThis allows attackers with Overall/Read permission to enumerate pending and approved Script Security classpaths.\n\nScript Security Plugin 1402.v94c9ce464861 requires Overall/Administer permission to enumerate pending and approved Script Security classpaths.",
  "id": "GHSA-p334-gfhq-c7w6",
  "modified": "2026-05-06T22:44:55Z",
  "published": "2026-04-29T15:30:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-42519"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/script-security-plugin"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.jenkins.io/security/advisory/2026-04-29/#SECURITY-3662"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Jenkins Script Security Plugin: Missing permission checks allow enumeration of pending and approved classpaths "
}

GHSA-P34G-PVRV-G554

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-09 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-23 15:33
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Artisan Workshop Japanized For WooCommerce allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Japanized For WooCommerce: from n/a through 2.6.4.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-47698"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-12-09T13:15:29Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Artisan Workshop Japanized For WooCommerce allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Japanized For WooCommerce: from n/a through 2.6.4.",
  "id": "GHSA-p34g-pvrv-g554",
  "modified": "2026-04-23T15:33:35Z",
  "published": "2024-12-09T15:31:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-47698"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/woocommerce-for-japan/vulnerability/wordpress-japanized-for-woocommerce-plugin-2-6-4-multiple-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-P353-3P63-7H28

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-19 15:31 – Updated: 2026-09-19 15:31
VLAI
Details

A flaw was found in the Admin REST API of Keycloak, an open-source identity and access management solution. The endpoint used for deleting user credentials does not correctly check for fine-grained reset-password permissions. This allows a delegated administrator, who should be restricted from resetting passwords, to delete a user's password credentials, resulting in the user being unable to log in.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-94001"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-09-19T15:17:08Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A flaw was found in the Admin REST API of Keycloak, an open-source identity and access management solution. The endpoint used for deleting user credentials does not correctly check for fine-grained reset-password permissions. This allows a delegated administrator, who should be restricted from resetting passwords, to delete a user\u0027s password credentials, resulting in the user being unable to log in.",
  "id": "GHSA-p353-3p63-7h28",
  "modified": "2026-09-19T15:31:25Z",
  "published": "2026-09-19T15:31:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-94001"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-94001"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2537169"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-P35H-R99R-9FCM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-08 18:31 – Updated: 2026-06-08 18:31
VLAI
Details

STACKIT IaaS API contains a missing authorization check vulnerability that allows authenticated, low-privileged attackers to escalate privileges to full organization compromise by attaching arbitrary service accounts to virtual machines they control. Attackers can exploit the unvalidated PUT servers service-accounts endpoint to attach high-privileged service accounts and query the Instance Metadata Service to retrieve OAuth2 tokens, bypassing tenant boundaries and gaining unauthorized control over the entire organization environment.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-39910"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-08T17:16:42Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "STACKIT IaaS API contains a missing authorization check vulnerability that allows authenticated, low-privileged attackers to escalate privileges to full organization compromise by attaching arbitrary service accounts to virtual machines they control. Attackers can exploit the unvalidated PUT servers service-accounts endpoint to attach high-privileged service accounts and query the Instance Metadata Service to retrieve OAuth2 tokens, bypassing tenant boundaries and gaining unauthorized control over the entire organization environment.",
  "id": "GHSA-p35h-r99r-9fcm",
  "modified": "2026-06-08T18:31:51Z",
  "published": "2026-06-08T18:31:51Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-39910"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://status.stackit.cloud"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/stackit-iaas-api-privilege-escalation-via-service-account-attachment"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-P36V-JRHM-CWG2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-24 18:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:34
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Carlo La Pera WP Customize Login Page allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs. This issue affects WP Customize Login Page: from n/a through 1.6.5.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-46485"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-04-24T16:15:39Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Carlo La Pera WP Customize Login Page allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs. This issue affects WP Customize Login Page: from n/a through 1.6.5.",
  "id": "GHSA-p36v-jrhm-cwg2",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:34:57Z",
  "published": "2025-04-24T18:31:07Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-46485"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/wp-customize-login-page/vulnerability/wordpress-wp-customize-login-page-1-6-5-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-P37P-WG92-2FC4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-09-22 00:00 – Updated: 2022-12-06 00:51
VLAI
Summary
Missing permission checks in Jenkins CONS3RT Plugin allow enumerating credentials IDs
Details

CONS3RT Plugin 1.0.0 and earlier does not perform permission checks in several HTTP endpoints.

This allows attackers with Overall/Read permission to enumerate credentials IDs of credentials stored in Jenkins. Those can be used as part of an attack to capture the credentials using another vulnerability.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.jenkins-ci.plugins:cons3rt"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "1.0.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-41252"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2022-12-06T00:51:24Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-09-21T16:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "CONS3RT Plugin 1.0.0 and earlier does not perform permission checks in several HTTP endpoints.\n\nThis allows attackers with Overall/Read permission to enumerate credentials IDs of credentials stored in Jenkins. Those can be used as part of an attack to capture the credentials using another vulnerability.",
  "id": "GHSA-p37p-wg92-2fc4",
  "modified": "2022-12-06T00:51:24Z",
  "published": "2022-09-22T00:00:26Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-41252"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/cons3rt-plugin"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.jenkins.io/security/advisory/2022-09-21/#SECURITY-2752"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2022/09/21/5"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Missing permission checks in Jenkins CONS3RT Plugin allow enumerating credentials IDs"
}

GHSA-P389-VCJC-H255

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:08 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:08
VLAI
Details

Insufficient policy enforcement in Blink in Google Chrome prior to 80.0.3987.87 allowed a remote attacker to leak cross-origin data via a crafted HTML page.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-6393"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-20",
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-02-11T15:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Insufficient policy enforcement in Blink in Google Chrome prior to 80.0.3987.87 allowed a remote attacker to leak cross-origin data via a crafted HTML page.",
  "id": "GHSA-p389-vcjc-h255",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:08:40Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:08:40Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-6393"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2020:0514"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2020/02/stable-channel-update-for-desktop.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://crbug.com/1035058"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/6IOHSO6BUKC6I66J5PZOMAGFVJ66ZS57"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/X3B5RWJQD5LA45MYLLR55KZJOJ5NVZGP"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202003-08"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2020/dsa-4638"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-02/msg00015.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-02/msg00025.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-P3C3-WC7Q-58MM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-03 21:31 – Updated: 2026-03-03 21:31
VLAI
Details

IBM Engineering Requirements Management DOORS Next 7.1, and 7.2 could allow an authenticated user to view and edit data beyond their authorized access permissions.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-13734"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862",
      "CWE-863"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-03T20:16:42Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "IBM Engineering Requirements Management DOORS Next 7.1, and 7.2 could allow an authenticated user to view and edit data beyond their authorized access permissions.",
  "id": "GHSA-p3c3-wc7q-58mm",
  "modified": "2026-03-03T21:31:15Z",
  "published": "2026-03-03T21:31:15Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-13734"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7261900"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-P3F5-98CV-562J

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-10 18:30 – Updated: 2025-12-10 20:10
VLAI
Summary
Jenkins is missing a permission check on password fields
Details

A missing permission check in Jenkins 2.540 and earlier, LTS 2.528.2 and earlier allows attackers with View/Read permission to view encrypted password values in views.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.jenkins-ci.main:jenkins-core"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2.529"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.541"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.jenkins-ci.main:jenkins-core"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.528.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-67636"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-12-10T20:10:34Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-12-10T17:15:56Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A missing permission check in Jenkins 2.540 and earlier, LTS 2.528.2 and earlier allows attackers with View/Read permission to view encrypted password values in views.",
  "id": "GHSA-p3f5-98cv-562j",
  "modified": "2025-12-10T20:10:34Z",
  "published": "2025-12-10T18:30:26Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-67636"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins/commit/3ee7380c5e167fab865f58b52a81ef01c24b9eb2"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.jenkins.io/security/advisory/2025-12-10/#SECURITY-1809"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Jenkins is missing a permission check on password fields"
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.