Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

18003 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-M3RP-FQH4-WHC7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:39 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:39
VLAI
Details

Windows Logon Integration feature of F5 BIG-IP APM client prior to version 7.1.7.1 for Windows by default uses Legacy logon mode which uses a SYSTEM account to establish network access. This feature displays a certificate user interface dialog box which contains the link to the certificate policy. By clicking on the link, unprivileged users can open additional dialog boxes and get access to the local machine windows explorer which can be used to get administrator privilege. Windows Logon Integration is vulnerable when the APM client is installed by an administrator on a user machine. Users accessing the local machine can get administrator privileges

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-5547"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-08-17T12:29:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Windows Logon Integration feature of F5 BIG-IP APM client prior to version 7.1.7.1 for Windows by default uses Legacy logon mode which uses a SYSTEM account to establish network access. This feature displays a certificate user interface dialog box which contains the link to the certificate policy. By clicking on the link, unprivileged users can open additional dialog boxes and get access to the local machine windows explorer which can be used to get administrator privilege. Windows Logon Integration is vulnerable when the APM client is installed by an administrator on a user machine. Users accessing the local machine can get administrator privileges",
  "id": "GHSA-m3rp-fqh4-whc7",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:39:38Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:39:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-5547"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K10015187"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K10015187?utm_source=f5support\u0026amp;utm_medium=RSS"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1041511"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-M3V3-5GV6-4GP6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-10-08 12:34 – Updated: 2026-10-08 12:34
VLAI
Details

The Easy Digital Downloads WordPress plugin before 3.7.1 does not consult the site's user registration setting before creating a WordPress account, allowing unauthenticated users to create an account and receive a logged-in session even when registration is disabled. The created account receives the site's default role.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-105190"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-10-08T11:16:44Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Easy Digital Downloads WordPress plugin before 3.7.1 does not consult the site\u0027s user registration setting before creating a WordPress account, allowing unauthenticated users to create an account and receive a logged-in session even when registration is disabled. The created account receives the site\u0027s default role.",
  "id": "GHSA-m3v3-5gv6-4gp6",
  "modified": "2026-10-08T12:34:26Z",
  "published": "2026-10-08T12:34:26Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-105190"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/d167e184-af71-4ff8-8a2d-a665f7539fe4"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-M3W7-VQQ8-286X

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-11 15:31 – Updated: 2025-07-11 15:31
VLAI
Details

A Missing Authorization vulnerability in the internal virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) of Juniper Networks Junos OS Evolved allows a local, low-privileged user to gain root privileges, leading to a system compromise.

Any low-privileged user with the capability to send packets over the internal VRF can execute arbitrary Junos commands and modify the configuration, and thus compromise the system. 

This issue affects Junos OS Evolved: 

  • All versions before 22.2R3-S7-EVO, 
  • from 22.4 before 22.4R3-S7-EVO, 
  • from 23.2 before 23.2R2-S4-EVO, 
  • from 23.4 before 23.4R2-S5-EVO, 
  • from 24.2 before 24.2R2-S1-EVO
  • from 24.4 before 24.4R1-S2-EVO, 24.4R2-EVO.
Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-52954"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-07-11T15:15:26Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A Missing Authorization vulnerability in the internal virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) of Juniper Networks Junos OS Evolved\u00a0allows a local, low-privileged user to gain root privileges, leading to a system compromise.\n\nAny low-privileged user with the capability to send packets over the internal VRF can execute arbitrary Junos commands and modify the configuration, and thus compromise the system.\u00a0\n\nThis issue affects Junos OS Evolved:\u00a0\n\n\n\n  *  All versions before 22.2R3-S7-EVO,\u00a0\n  *  from 22.4 before 22.4R3-S7-EVO,\u00a0\n  *  from 23.2 before 23.2R2-S4-EVO,\u00a0\n  *  from 23.4 before 23.4R2-S5-EVO,\u00a0\n  *  from 24.2 before\u00a024.2R2-S1-EVO\n  *  from 24.4 before 24.4R1-S2-EVO, 24.4R2-EVO.",
  "id": "GHSA-m3w7-vqq8-286x",
  "modified": "2025-07-11T15:31:38Z",
  "published": "2025-07-11T15:31:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-52954"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://supportportal.juniper.net/JSA100060"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-M3XV-CJ33-8M4W

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-27 15:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:33
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in UkrSolution Print Barcode Labels for your WooCommerce products/orders. This issue affects Print Barcode Labels for your WooCommerce products/orders: from n/a through 3.4.10.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-24603"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-01-27T15:15:14Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in UkrSolution Print Barcode Labels for your WooCommerce products/orders. This issue affects Print Barcode Labels for your WooCommerce products/orders: from n/a through 3.4.10.",
  "id": "GHSA-m3xv-cj33-8m4w",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:33:29Z",
  "published": "2025-01-27T15:30:58Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-24603"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/a4-barcode-generator/vulnerability/wordpress-print-labels-with-barcodes-create-price-tags-product-labels-order-labels-for-woocommerce-plugin-3-4-10-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-M449-CMF5-Q9WF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:03 – Updated: 2022-08-06 00:00
VLAI
Details

It has been discovered that redhat-certification does not perform an authorization check and it allows an unauthenticated user to remove a "system" file, that is an xml file with host related information, not belonging to him. This flaw affects redhat-certification version 7.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-10866"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-05-26T19:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "It has been discovered that redhat-certification does not perform an authorization check and it allows an unauthenticated user to remove a \"system\" file, that is an xml file with host related information, not belonging to him. This flaw affects redhat-certification version 7.",
  "id": "GHSA-m449-cmf5-q9wf",
  "modified": "2022-08-06T00:00:44Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:03:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-10866"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2018-10866"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1593632"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-M44Q-WQH5-45W3

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-25 18:30 – Updated: 2024-10-25 18:30
VLAI
Details

The Image Map Pro plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data and loss of data due to a missing capability check on the AJAX functions in versions up to, and including, 6.0.20. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers with contributor-level privileges or above, to add, update or delete map projects.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-9584"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-10-25T18:15:04Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Image Map Pro plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data and loss of data due to a missing capability check on the AJAX functions in versions up to, and including, 6.0.20. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers with contributor-level privileges or above, to add, update or delete map projects.",
  "id": "GHSA-m44q-wqh5-45w3",
  "modified": "2024-10-25T18:30:49Z",
  "published": "2024-10-25T18:30:49Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-9584"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://imagemappro.com/change-log"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/7c632452-8b13-4f78-aa8a-3c92bef5907f?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-M457-WF75-Q9CX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-29 18:32 – Updated: 2026-09-30 21:32
VLAI
Details

Missing authorization in DevTools in Google Chrome prior to 154.0.8037.57 allowed a remote attacker leveraging social engineering to bypass system access restrictions via crafted network traffic. (Chromium security severity: Medium)

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-95300"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-09-29T18:17:21Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing authorization in DevTools in Google Chrome prior to 154.0.8037.57 allowed a remote attacker leveraging social engineering to bypass system access restrictions via crafted network traffic. (Chromium security severity: Medium)",
  "id": "GHSA-m457-wf75-q9cx",
  "modified": "2026-09-30T21:32:00Z",
  "published": "2026-09-29T18:32:07Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-95300"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2026/09/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_0856730748.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/545449081"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-M45W-RVQ4-F22G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-10-02 12:31 – Updated: 2026-10-02 12:31
VLAI
Details

YesWiki before 4.6.7 contains a missing authorization vulnerability in the attachment download handler that allows unauthenticated attackers to bypass page read ACLs. Attackers can request the download handler with a known page tag and file parameter to retrieve confidential attachments from read-restricted pages.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-104472"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-10-02T12:17:20Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "YesWiki before 4.6.7 contains a missing authorization vulnerability in the attachment download handler that allows unauthenticated attackers to bypass page read ACLs. Attackers can request the download handler with a known page tag and file parameter to retrieve confidential attachments from read-restricted pages.",
  "id": "GHSA-m45w-rvq4-f22g",
  "modified": "2026-10-02T12:31:17Z",
  "published": "2026-10-02T12:31:17Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/YesWiki/yeswiki/security/advisories/GHSA-7cj2-9pgf-vcw2"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-104472"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/yeswiki-before-4.6.7-missing-authorization-via-attachment-download-handler"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-M469-3QFF-FV5X

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-10-11 00:30 – Updated: 2026-10-11 00:30
VLAI
Details

JeecgBoot through 3.9.5 contains a missing authorization vulnerability in the SysDepartPermissionController queryById handler that allows any authenticated user to read department permission records. Low-privileged attackers can request GET /sys/sysDepartPermission/queryById with arbitrary ids to retrieve depart_id, permission_id and data_rule_ids for any department.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-108632"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-10-10T22:16:38Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "JeecgBoot through 3.9.5 contains a missing authorization vulnerability in the SysDepartPermissionController queryById handler that allows any authenticated user to read department permission records. Low-privileged attackers can request GET /sys/sysDepartPermission/queryById with arbitrary ids to retrieve depart_id, permission_id and data_rule_ids for any department.",
  "id": "GHSA-m469-3qff-fv5x",
  "modified": "2026-10-11T00:30:54Z",
  "published": "2026-10-11T00:30:54Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-108632"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/AnkesKasty/cve-request-poc/blob/a7b6d1423555812d8efa26c91c5d0683164b31e5/JeecgBoot/poc_depart_permission_query_by_id.py"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/jeecgboot/JeecgBoot/blob/e3b9dc0aefe1943d9772b026f64ed671a7c82802/jeecg-boot/jeecg-module-system/jeecg-system-biz/src/main/java/org/jeecg/modules/system/controller/SysDepartPermissionController.java#L144-L149"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/jeecgboot-through-3.9.5-missing-authorization-via-sysdepartpermission-querybyid-endpoint"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-M46P-RP8X-X8C4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:25 – Updated: 2024-01-30 22:28
VLAI
Summary
CSRF vulnerability in Jenkins OpenShift Deployer Plugin
Details

A missing permission check in Jenkins OpenShift Deployer Plugin in the DeployApplication.DeployApplicationDescriptor#doCheckLogin form validation method allows attackers with Overall/Read permission to initiate a connection to an attacker-specified server.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.jenkins-ci.plugins:openshift-deployer"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "1.2.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-1003081"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-01-30T22:28:13Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-04-04T16:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A missing permission check in Jenkins OpenShift Deployer Plugin in the DeployApplication.DeployApplicationDescriptor#doCheckLogin form validation method allows attackers with Overall/Read permission to initiate a connection to an attacker-specified server.",
  "id": "GHSA-m46p-rp8x-x8c4",
  "modified": "2024-01-30T22:28:22Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:25:16Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-1003081"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://jenkins.io/security/advisory/2019-04-03/#SECURITY-981"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2019/04/12/2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/107790"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "CSRF vulnerability in Jenkins OpenShift Deployer Plugin"
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.