Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

18003 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-F4W3-762F-PWX9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:01 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:01
VLAI
Details

On versions 16.0.x before 16.0.1.1, 15.1.x before 15.1.3, and 14.1.x before 14.1.4, BIG-IP Advanced WAF and ASM are missing authorization checks for file uploads to a specific directory within the REST API which might allow Authenticated users with guest privileges to upload files. Note: Software versions which have reached End of Technical Support (EoTS) are not evaluated.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-23014"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-05-10T15:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "On versions 16.0.x before 16.0.1.1, 15.1.x before 15.1.3, and 14.1.x before 14.1.4, BIG-IP Advanced WAF and ASM are missing authorization checks for file uploads to a specific directory within the REST API which might allow Authenticated users with guest privileges to upload files. Note: Software versions which have reached End of Technical Support (EoTS) are not evaluated.",
  "id": "GHSA-f4w3-762f-pwx9",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T19:01:54Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:01:54Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-23014"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K23203045"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-F4W8-MP9R-6M54

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-22 15:31 – Updated: 2026-01-20 15:31
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in CoSchedule CoSchedule coschedule-by-todaymade allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects CoSchedule: from n/a through <= 3.4.0.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-49913"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-10-22T15:15:37Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in CoSchedule CoSchedule coschedule-by-todaymade allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects CoSchedule: from n/a through \u003c= 3.4.0.",
  "id": "GHSA-f4w8-mp9r-6m54",
  "modified": "2026-01-20T15:31:23Z",
  "published": "2025-10-22T15:31:13Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-49913"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/coschedule-by-todaymade/vulnerability/wordpress-coschedule-plugin-3-4-0-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/coschedule-by-todaymade/vulnerability/wordpress-coschedule-plugin-3-4-0-broken-access-control-vulnerability"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/coschedule-by-todaymade/vulnerability/wordpress-coschedule-plugin-3-4-0-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F4W9-FC3H-W6QM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-10-11 15:31 – Updated: 2026-10-11 15:31
VLAI
Details

Frappe HR (hrms) before 16.11.0, including all 14.x and 15.x releases through 15.64.3, contains a missing authorization vulnerability in the whitelisted get_account_and_amount method that lets authenticated users read payroll amounts. Attackers without HR roles can call the method over /api/method with enumerable Salary Slip or claim document names to disclose other employees' net pay and loan, advance, and claim balances.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-108732"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-10-11T13:17:17Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Frappe HR (hrms) before 16.11.0, including all 14.x and 15.x releases through 15.64.3, contains a missing authorization vulnerability in the whitelisted get_account_and_amount method that lets authenticated users read payroll amounts. Attackers without HR roles can call the method over /api/method with enumerable Salary Slip or claim document names to disclose other employees\u0027 net pay and loan, advance, and claim balances.",
  "id": "GHSA-f4w9-fc3h-w6qm",
  "modified": "2026-10-11T15:31:04Z",
  "published": "2026-10-11T15:31:04Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-108732"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/frappe/hrms/commit/6ab7a50347367413b78ad5bd5d9e4b8c6653c81f"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/frappe/hrms"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/frappe/hrms/blob/0a54d2c7b8b6043e2705b6f557b6ed65260670dd/hrms/hr/doctype/full_and_final_statement/full_and_final_statement.py#L273-L327"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/frappe/hrms/releases/tag/v16.11.0"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://hackmd.io/@haind03/frappe-hrms-fnf-payroll-amount-oracle"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/frappe-hr-hrms-before-16.11.0-missing-authorization-via-get-account-and-amount"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F4WJ-3824-VJ6G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:46 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:32
VLAI
Details

An issue was discovered on SendQuick Entera and Avera devices before 2HF16. The application failed to check the access control of the request which could result in an attacker being able to shutdown the system.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-5136"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2017-02-05T18:59:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "An issue was discovered on SendQuick Entera and Avera devices before 2HF16. The application failed to check the access control of the request which could result in an attacker being able to shutdown the system.",
  "id": "GHSA-f4wj-3824-vj6g",
  "modified": "2025-04-20T03:32:22Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:46:01Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-5136"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://niantech.io/blog/2017/02/05/vulns-multiple-vulns-in-sendquick-entera-avera-sms-gateway-appliances"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/96031"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F4WR-G7FQ-R234

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-01 09:30 – Updated: 2025-02-01 09:30
VLAI
Details

The MagicForm plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to access and modification of data due to a missing capability check on the plugin's AJAX actions in all versions up to, and including, 1.6.2. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to invoke those actions in order to delete or view logs, modify forms or modify plugin settings.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-0939"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-02-01T07:15:08Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The MagicForm plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to access and modification of data due to a missing capability check on the plugin\u0027s AJAX actions in all versions up to, and including, 1.6.2. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to invoke those actions in order to delete or view logs, modify forms or modify plugin settings.",
  "id": "GHSA-f4wr-g7fq-r234",
  "modified": "2025-02-01T09:30:28Z",
  "published": "2025-02-01T09:30:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-0939"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/magicform/trunk/admin/admin-menu.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/aa3497ae-7f3a-4e67-ad7a-77b50dccaf3b?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F4X8-M8JX-PFPG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-16 15:31 – Updated: 2026-05-16 15:31
VLAI
Details

The Multicollab: Content Team Collaboration and Editorial Workflow plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the 'cf_add_comment' function in all versions up to, and including, 5.2. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to add comments to arbitrary collaborations.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-4202"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-16T13:16:16Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Multicollab: Content Team Collaboration and Editorial Workflow plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the \u0027cf_add_comment\u0027 function in all versions up to, and including, 5.2. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to add comments to arbitrary collaborations.",
  "id": "GHSA-f4x8-m8jx-pfpg",
  "modified": "2026-05-16T15:31:13Z",
  "published": "2026-05-16T15:31:13Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-4202"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/commenting-feature/tags/4.8.1/admin/classes/class-commenting-block-admin.php#L1239"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3519252"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/08ec2376-dfe3-4aeb-8173-01e88309f540?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F527-JGGH-C37W

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-02 06:30 – Updated: 2026-04-08 18:32
VLAI
Details

The Orbit Fox by ThemeIsle plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the register_reference() function in all versions up to, and including, 2.10.28. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to update the connected API keys.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-1047"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-02-02T06:15:45Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Orbit Fox by ThemeIsle plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the register_reference() function in all versions up to, and including, 2.10.28. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to update the connected API keys.",
  "id": "GHSA-f527-jggh-c37w",
  "modified": "2026-04-08T18:32:31Z",
  "published": "2024-02-02T06:30:32Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-1047"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/themeisle-companion/trunk/vendor/codeinwp/themeisle-sdk/src/Modules/Promotions.php#L175"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3029507/themeisle-companion/tags/2.10.29/vendor/codeinwp/themeisle-sdk/src/Modules/Promotions.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3040302%40templates-patterns-collection\u0026new=3040302%40templates-patterns-collection\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/6147582f-578a-47ad-b16c-65c37896783d?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F53H-2F4M-78JF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-13 03:30 – Updated: 2024-11-13 03:30
VLAI
Details

The Styler for Ninja Forms plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data that can lead to a denial of service due to a missing capability check on the deactivate_license function in all versions up to, and including, 3.3.4. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to delete arbitrary option values on the WordPress site. This can be leveraged to delete an option that would create an error on the site and deny service to legitimate users. Note: This issue can also be used to add arbitrary options with an empty value.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-10717"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-11-13T02:15:14Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Styler for Ninja Forms plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data that can lead to a denial of service due to a missing capability check on the deactivate_license function in all versions up to, and including, 3.3.4. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to delete arbitrary option values on the WordPress site. This can be leveraged to delete an option that would create an error on the site and deny service to legitimate users. Note: This issue can also be used to add arbitrary options with an empty value.",
  "id": "GHSA-f53h-2f4m-78jf",
  "modified": "2024-11-13T03:30:45Z",
  "published": "2024-11-13T03:30:45Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-10717"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/styler-for-ninja-forms-lite/tags/3.3.4/admin-menu/licenses.php#L126"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/a26da53c-4be0-4c9f-9caf-05f054a6d5e7?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F549-R4PW-JW3M

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-25 03:32 – Updated: 2026-08-25 03:32
VLAI
Details

Grav Flex Objects plugin versions 1.4.0 through 1.4.7 contain an authorization bypass vulnerability in the flex-objects shortcode that allows users with page-edit access to render any registered Flex collection without permission checks. Attackers can place the shortcode in published pages to expose sensitive directory contents including user account information, bypassing the authorize ACL enforced in the admin panel.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-56707"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-08-25T02:16:42Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Grav Flex Objects plugin versions 1.4.0 through 1.4.7 contain an authorization bypass vulnerability in the flex-objects shortcode that allows users with page-edit access to render any registered Flex collection without permission checks. Attackers can place the shortcode in published pages to expose sensitive directory contents including user account information, bypassing the authorize ACL enforced in the admin panel.",
  "id": "GHSA-f549-r4pw-jw3m",
  "modified": "2026-08-25T03:32:08Z",
  "published": "2026-08-25T03:32:08Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/getgrav/grav/security/advisories/GHSA-x929-528m-vx2m"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-56707"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/grav-flex-objects-through-authorization-bypass-via-shortcode"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F557-C6MQ-9H68

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-12 09:30 – Updated: 2026-04-08 21:32
VLAI
Details

The WordPress Header Builder Plugin – Pearl plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized site option deletion due to a missing validation and capability checks on the stm_hb_delete() function in all versions up to, and including, 1.3.7. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to delete arbitrary options that can be used to perform a denial of service attack on a site.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-5468"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-06-12T09:15:21Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The WordPress Header Builder Plugin \u2013 Pearl plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized site option deletion due to a missing validation and capability checks on the stm_hb_delete() function in all versions up to, and including, 1.3.7. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to delete arbitrary options that can be used to perform a denial of service attack on a site.",
  "id": "GHSA-f557-c6mq-9h68",
  "modified": "2026-04-08T21:32:46Z",
  "published": "2024-06-12T09:30:48Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-5468"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/pearl-header-builder/tags/1.3.7/includes/helpers.php#L304"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/c2e770e0-1a39-4946-838b-4fd1f1dea1c8?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.