Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-79
AllowedImproper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable
The product does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes user-controllable input before it is placed in output that is used as a web page that is served to other users.
71277 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-93454 (GCVE-0-2026-93454)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-17 23:25 – Updated: 2026-10-06 13:37
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Aureus ERP through 1.6.0 Stored XSS via Payment Term Note
Summary
Aureus ERP through 1.6.0 stores the Payment Term note field unsanitized and renders it as raw HTML in the Accounting plugin. Authenticated users with payment-term create permission can submit arbitrary JavaScript to the payment-terms endpoint, which persists to the database and executes in browsers of all users viewing that Payment Term record.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-22 01:59 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/aureuserp/aureuserp/pull/1562 | patchissue-tracking |
| https://hackmd.io/@leediay/stored-xss-aureus-via-… | exploit |
| https://github.com/aureuserp/aureuserp/blob/v1.6.… | technical-description |
| https://github.com/aureuserp/aureuserp | product |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/aureus-erp-t… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Webkul | Aureus ERP |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 1.6.0
(semver)
|
Date Public
2026-09-11 00:00
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CVE-2026-93432 (GCVE-0-2026-93432)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-18 17:53 – Updated: 2026-09-18 19:48
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Io.quarkus.qute:quarkus-core: cross-site scripting (xss) and json injection via qute {#eval} section in quarkus
Summary
A flaw was found in the Quarkus Qute template engine. When the {#eval} section helper processes a sub-template, it fails to pass the parent template's content type information. This bypasses standard escaping mechanisms, allowing untrusted data to be output as raw, unescaped text. This vulnerability can lead to Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) and JSON Injection, potentially allowing a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code in a user's browser or manipulate data.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-18 19:48 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-93432 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2536859 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
6 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Exploit Intelligence |
cpe:/a:redhat:exploit_intelligence:0
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Apache Camel 4 for Quarkus 3 |
cpe:/a:redhat:camel_quarkus:3
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Apicurio Registry 3 |
cpe:/a:redhat:apicurio_registry:3
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Build of Keycloak |
cpe:/a:redhat:build_keycloak:
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Quarkus |
cpe:/a:redhat:quarkus:3
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Fuse 7 |
cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_fuse:7
|
Date Public
2026-09-16 00:00
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CVE-2026-93430 (GCVE-0-2026-93430)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-03 05:29 – Updated: 2026-10-03 15:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
GD Rating System <= 3.7.1 - Unauthenticated Stored Cross-Site Scripting via 'title' and 'url' Render Args in gdrts_live_handler AJAX
Summary
The GD Rating System plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Stored Cross-Site Scripting via 'title' and 'url' Render Args in gdrts_live_handler AJAX in all versions up to, and including, 3.7.1 due to insufficient input sanitization and output escaping. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to inject arbitrary web scripts in pages that will execute whenever a user accesses an injected page. Although the AJAX action requires a per-item nonce, that nonce is publicly emitted in the page's <script class="gdrts-rating-data"> JSON block on every page rendering the rating item, making it obtainable by any unauthenticated visitor and therefore not an authentication barrier.
Severity
7.2 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-03 15:32 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
6 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| gdragon | GD Rating System |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 3.7.1
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-93405 (GCVE-0-2026-93405)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-24 18:00 – Updated: 2026-09-29 03:02
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Mailspring: Stored XSS in attachment quick preview (unsanitized Markdown/DOCX/XLSX conversion)
Summary
Mailspring is a fast, cross-platform, open-source email client. Prior to 1.17.0, attachment quick preview converts Markdown, DOCX, and XLSX attachments with Snarkdown, Mammoth, and SheetJS and inserts the resulting HTML into the preview document through innerHTML without sanitization. A remote sender can craft a supported attachment whose converted HTML executes script when a recipient opens quick preview. The preview renderer has no direct Node or Electron access, but injected script can reach the IPC surface exposed to the quick-preview renderer. This issue alone provides script execution in the preview renderer; separate path-traversal and renderer-controlled file-write vulnerabilities are required for the documented persistent code-execution chain. This issue is fixed in version 1.17.0.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-29 03:02 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/Foundry376/Mailspring/security… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/Foundry376/Mailspring/pull/2523 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/Foundry376/Mailspring/commit/5… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/Foundry376/Mailspring/releases… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Foundry376 | Mailspring |
Affected:
< 1.17.0
|
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CVE-2026-93367 (GCVE-0-2026-93367)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-02 03:38 – Updated: 2026-10-02 19:53
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Visitors Traffic Real Time Statistics Pro <= 11.22 - Unauthenticated Stored Cross-Site Scripting via ahcpro_track_visitor (page_title)
Summary
The Visitors Traffic Real Time Statistics Pro plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthenticated stored Cross-Site Scripting in all versions up to, and including, 11.22 via the page_title parameter of the ahcpro_track_visitor AJAX action. The action is registered for logged-out callers (wp_ajax_nopriv_ahcpro_track_visitor) and stores $_POST['page_title'] with NO sanitization, keeping it raw in the ahc_title_traffic.til_page_title column. When an administrator opens the plugin's dashboard, the 'Traffic by Title' DataTable renders that stored value as innerHTML without output escaping, executing arbitrary JavaScript. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to inject web scripts that run in an administrator's session.
Severity
7.2 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-02 19:53 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| wp-buy | Visitor Traffic Real Time Statistics pro |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 11.22
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-93339 (GCVE-0-2026-93339)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-21 14:29 – Updated: 2026-10-01 15:21 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Ditty < 3.1.70 Stored XSS via Layout Tag Wrapper Attribute
Summary
Metaphor Creations Ditty (ditty-news-ticker) before 3.1.70 contains a stored cross-site scripting vulnerability that allows authenticated users with Author-level privileges or higher to inject arbitrary HTML elements by supplying malicious wrapper attribute values in layout tags. The ditty_layout_render_tag_wrapper() function inserts caller-supplied wrapper attribute values directly as HTML element names without allowlist validation, bypassing wp_kses_post() sanitization because KSES runs at save time before layout tag attributes are resolved at render time, causing the payload to execute in the browser of any visitor viewing posts or pages embedding the affected Ditty item.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-21 15:39 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://lazytitan.ro/ditty | technical-descriptionexploit |
| https://wordpress.org/plugins/ditty-news-ticker/#… | patchrelease-notes |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/ditty-stored… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Metaphor Creations | Ditty |
Affected:
0 , < 3.1.70
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:metaphorcreations:ditty:*:*:*:*:*:wordpress:*:* |
Date Public
2026-09-21 00:00
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CVE-2026-93303 (GCVE-0-2026-93303)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-25 06:39 – Updated: 2026-09-25 13:00
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
HT Contact Form <= 2.10.1 - Unauthenticated Stored DOM-Based Cross-Site Scripting via 'form_data' Rich Text Field via Draft Save/Resume
Summary
The HT Contact Form – Drag & Drop Form Builder for WordPress plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Stored DOM-Based Cross-Site Scripting via 'form_data' Rich Text Field via Draft Save/Resume in all versions up to, and including, 2.10.1 due to insufficient input sanitization and output escaping. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to inject arbitrary web scripts in pages that will execute whenever a user accesses an injected page. Exploitation requires tricking a user into clicking an attacker-supplied draft resume URL, which the attacker constructs using the draft_key and access_token returned directly in the save response.
Severity
7.2 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-25 12:52 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
8 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| htplugins | HT Contact Form – Drag & Drop Form Builder for WordPress |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 2.10.1
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-93296 (GCVE-0-2026-93296)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-17 16:29 – Updated: 2026-09-22 07:36
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MISP Overmind: Stored Cross-Site Scripting via Unescaped Object Names in Statistics Legends
Summary
MISP contains a stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Overmind theme's statistics views. The event General card and the server/feed preview card constructed donut chart legend labels by directly concatenating object name or category keys into an innerHTML string without HTML-encoding. Because MISP object names are user-controllable by any authenticated user with sufficient permissions to create or modify such objects, an attacker could craft a name containing malicious markup. When any other user viewed the affected Overmind dashboard, the injected markup would be interpreted as live HTML/JavaScript in the victim's browser, executing in the context of the MISP application origin. This could allow session hijacking, data exfiltration, or arbitrary actions performed on behalf of the victim.
The vulnerability requires the attacker to have low-level authenticated access to create or rename an object whose name is rendered in the legend, and the victim to view the Overmind event or server preview page. No special browser conditions or race conditions are required.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-17 18:06 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MISP/misp/commit/382188d2f | patch |
Impacted products
GCVE extensions
AI-generated
Human-reviewed
Confidence: high
Model
qwen3.8:27b
advisory
bcp-05-x-01bcp-05-x-02
Draft vulnerability metadata was generated from a git-format patch using an Ollama-hosted language model. Human validation is required before publication.
ai-computer-assisted:llm-generatedai-computer-assisted:classification
| Model | Source | Identifier |
|---|---|---|
| qwen3.8:27b | ollama | qwen3.8:27b |
- Generator
-
patch2vuln.pyon 2026-09-17 16:28 - Model
qwen3.8:27b- Input
-
https://github.com/MISP/misp/commit/382188d2f.patch
3c6f0376c712… - Confidence
- high
| Commit | Subject | Patch SHA-256 |
|---|---|---|
382188d2f270
|
fix: [security] Escape object names in the Overmind | 3c6f0376c712… |
Fix summary
The fix applies HTML output encoding to the user-controlled label variable (lbl) before it is interpolated into the innerHTML string in both affected view templates. By wrapping the label with escapeHtml(), any HTML metacharacters in object names are neutralized, preventing injected markup from being interpreted as executable HTML or JavaScript in the viewer's browser.
Patch summary
Two one-line changes in the Overmind theme view templates. In app/View/Themed/Overmind/Elements/Events/View/event_general.ctp (line 607) and app/View/Themed/Overmind/Elements/Servers/View/preview_general.ctp (line 323), the raw lbl variable used in the title attribute and inner text of the legend span element is replaced with escapeHtml(lbl). No other logic, routing, or configuration changes are made.
CVSS rationale
AV:N: The vulnerability is exploitable over the network via a web browser. AC:L: Exploitation requires only creating an object with a crafted name; no race or special conditions. AT:N: The attack targets the same MISP instance. PR:L: The attacker needs low-level authenticated access to create or rename an MISP object. UI:P: The victim passively interacts by viewing the Overmind dashboard page; no click or explicit action is needed beyond normal page rendering. VC/VI/VA:N: No direct impact on the MISP server's confidentiality, integrity, or availability. SC:H/SI:H: The injected script executes in the victim's browser within the MISP origin, enabling full session compromise (cookie theft, data exfiltration, arbitrary actions). SA:N: No availability impact on the victim's browser.
Weakness rationale
- CWE-79 User-controlled object names are concatenated directly into an innerHTML string without HTML encoding, allowing injected markup to execute in the victim's browser. This is a textbook stored XSS via missing output encoding at an HTML sink.
Attack pattern rationale
- CAPEC-1 The attack pattern involves injecting client-side script into a web application via user-controllable data (object names) that is rendered without encoding in an HTML context. CAPEC-1 is the canonical XSS attack pattern and directly matches the mechanism: attacker-controlled data flows into an innerHTML sink. No uncertainty in this mapping; the patch explicitly describes the innerHTML concatenation of unescaped labels.
Assumptions to verify
- The exact affected version range is not explicitly stated in the patch; the tag_version_boundary indicates the fix commit is 55 commits after v2.5.47, suggesting versions up to (but not including) the release containing this commit are affected. The precise fixed version is unspecified.
- PR:L assumes the attacker needs at least low-level authenticated access to create or rename a MISP object whose name appears in the Overmind legend. If unauthenticated object creation is possible in some deployment, PR could be N.
- UI:P assumes the victim simply views the Overmind dashboard page (passive interaction). If the page requires a specific navigation action beyond normal browsing, UI could be A.
- SC:H and SI:H assume the XSS grants full access to the victim's MISP session (cookies, API tokens, in-page data). A more conservative assessment could rate these L if the Overmind view exposes limited data.
- The CAPEC-1 mapping is direct and unambiguous for this stored XSS; no uncertainty is noted beyond the standard CAPEC granularity.
Model comparison
Selected qwen3.8:27b
by deterministic-consensus-v1
The selected result is closest to model consensus; this heuristic does not establish factual correctness and human review remains required.
| Model | Score | Agreement | Confidence | Assumptions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
qwen3.8:27b |
6 | 9 | high | 5 |
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CVE-2026-93029 (GCVE-0-2026-93029)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-02 06:20 – Updated: 2026-10-02 18:12
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
There is a stored XSS vulnerability allowing arbitrary code execution in the WHM Manage SSL Hosts interface.
Severity
9 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-02 18:12 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Cross-site Scripting (XSS) - Stored
Assigner
References
7 references
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Webpros | cPanel |
Affected:
0 , < 11.138.0.11
(semver)
Affected: 0 , < 11.136.0.45 (semver) Affected: 0 , < 11.134.0.61 (semver) Affected: 0 , < 11.110.0.148 (semver) |
|
| Webpros | WP Squared |
Affected:
0 , < 11.138.1.13
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-92991 (GCVE-0-2026-92991)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-18 02:27 – Updated: 2026-09-18 12:47
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Biggopti Library (Various Versions) - Cross-Site Scripting via display_id from Sigmative API
Summary
The Biggop Library is vulnerable to Cross-Site Scripting via the ‘display_id’ parameter from the Sigmative API in various versions due to insufficient output escaping. This makes it possible for attackers who can compromise the Sigmative API server to inject arbitrary web scripts in pages that will execute whenever a user accesses an injected page.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-18 12:46 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
15 references
Impacted products
7 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| bdthemes | Live Copy Paste for Elementor – Cross Domain Copy Paste & Page Duplicator |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 1.5.6
(semver)
|
|
| bdthemes | Pixel Gallery Addons for Elementor |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 2.1.14
(semver)
|
|
| bdthemes | Smart Admin Assistant |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 2.2.0
(semver)
|
|
| bdthemes | Ultimate Store Kit – Store Builder Addons for Elementor, WooCommerce Store Builder, EDD Store Builder |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 3.0.7
(semver)
|
|
| bdthemes | Ultimate Post Kit – Elementor Post Grid, Post Carousel, Post Slider & Blog Layout Widgets |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 4.2.0
(semver)
|
|
| bdthemes | Prime Slider – Hero Slider, Carousel, WooCommerce & Post Slider Elementor Addons |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 4.4.5
(semver)
|
|
| bdthemes | Element Pack Addons for Elementor – Elementor Widgets, Elementor Templates, Elementor Addons |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 8.7.14
(semver)
|
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"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/7bf1d6f9-afe2-41c2-968b-20dbc474cd73?source=cve"
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{
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/bdthemes-element-pack-lite/tags/8.7.14/admin/assets/js/ep-admin-api-biggopti.min.js"
},
{
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/ultimate-post-kit/tags/4.2.0/admin/assets/js/upk-admin-api-biggopti.min.js"
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{
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/live-copy-paste/tags/1.5.4/includes/promotion/biggopti/script.js"
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"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/bdthemes-prime-slider-lite/tags/4.4.5/admin/assets/js/ps-admin-api-biggopti.js"
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"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/smart-admin-assistant/tags/2.2.0/includes/Admin/assets/js/biggopti.js"
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"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3652687/live-copy-paste"
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"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3638625/bdthemes-prime-slider-lite#file428"
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"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3638640/bdthemes-element-pack-lite#file1151"
}
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"time": "2026-08-08T18:24:42.000Z",
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Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
- Examples of libraries and frameworks that make it easier to generate properly encoded output include Microsoft's Anti-XSS library, the OWASP ESAPI Encoding module, and Apache Wicket.
Mitigation
Implementation
Architecture and Design
- Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
- For any data that will be output to another web page, especially any data that was received from external inputs, use the appropriate encoding on all non-alphanumeric characters.
- Parts of the same output document may require different encodings, which will vary depending on whether the output is in the:
- etc. Note that HTML Entity Encoding is only appropriate for the HTML body.
- Consult the XSS Prevention Cheat Sheet [REF-724] for more details on the types of encoding and escaping that are needed.
- HTML body
- Element attributes (such as src="XYZ")
- URIs
- JavaScript sections
- Cascading Style Sheets and style property
Mitigation MIT-6
Architecture and Design
Implementation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation MIT-27
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Parameterization
If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
Mitigation MIT-30.1
Implementation
Strategy: Output Encoding
- Use and specify an output encoding that can be handled by the downstream component that is reading the output. Common encodings include ISO-8859-1, UTF-7, and UTF-8. When an encoding is not specified, a downstream component may choose a different encoding, either by assuming a default encoding or automatically inferring which encoding is being used, which can be erroneous. When the encodings are inconsistent, the downstream component might treat some character or byte sequences as special, even if they are not special in the original encoding. Attackers might then be able to exploit this discrepancy and conduct injection attacks; they even might be able to bypass protection mechanisms that assume the original encoding is also being used by the downstream component.
- The problem of inconsistent output encodings often arises in web pages. If an encoding is not specified in an HTTP header, web browsers often guess about which encoding is being used. This can open up the browser to subtle XSS attacks.
Mitigation MIT-43
Implementation
With Struts, write all data from form beans with the bean's filter attribute set to true.
Mitigation MIT-31
Implementation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
To help mitigate XSS attacks against the user's session cookie, set the session cookie to be HttpOnly. In browsers that support the HttpOnly feature (such as more recent versions of Internet Explorer and Firefox), this attribute can prevent the user's session cookie from being accessible to malicious client-side scripts that use document.cookie. This is not a complete solution, since HttpOnly is not supported by all browsers. More importantly, XmlHttpRequest and other powerful browser technologies provide read access to HTTP headers, including the Set-Cookie header in which the HttpOnly flag is set.
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When dynamically constructing web pages, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set based on the expected value of the parameter in the request. All input should be validated and cleansed, not just parameters that the user is supposed to specify, but all data in the request, including hidden fields, cookies, headers, the URL itself, and so forth. A common mistake that leads to continuing XSS vulnerabilities is to validate only fields that are expected to be redisplayed by the site. It is common to see data from the request that is reflected by the application server or the application that the development team did not anticipate. Also, a field that is not currently reflected may be used by a future developer. Therefore, validating ALL parts of the HTTP request is recommended.
- Note that proper output encoding, escaping, and quoting is the most effective solution for preventing XSS, although input validation may provide some defense-in-depth. This is because it effectively limits what will appear in output. Input validation will not always prevent XSS, especially if you are required to support free-form text fields that could contain arbitrary characters. For example, in a chat application, the heart emoticon ("<3") would likely pass the validation step, since it is commonly used. However, it cannot be directly inserted into the web page because it contains the "<" character, which would need to be escaped or otherwise handled. In this case, stripping the "<" might reduce the risk of XSS, but it would produce incorrect behavior because the emoticon would not be recorded. This might seem to be a minor inconvenience, but it would be more important in a mathematical forum that wants to represent inequalities.
- Even if you make a mistake in your validation (such as forgetting one out of 100 input fields), appropriate encoding is still likely to protect you from injection-based attacks. As long as it is not done in isolation, input validation is still a useful technique, since it may significantly reduce your attack surface, allow you to detect some attacks, and provide other security benefits that proper encoding does not address.
- Ensure that you perform input validation at well-defined interfaces within the application. This will help protect the application even if a component is reused or moved elsewhere.
Mitigation MIT-21
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
Mitigation MIT-29
Operation
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Mitigation MIT-16
Operation
Implementation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.
CAPEC-209: XSS Using MIME Type Mismatch
An adversary creates a file with scripting content but where the specified MIME type of the file is such that scripting is not expected. The adversary tricks the victim into accessing a URL that responds with the script file. Some browsers will detect that the specified MIME type of the file does not match the actual type of its content and will automatically switch to using an interpreter for the real content type. If the browser does not invoke script filters before doing this, the adversary's script may run on the target unsanitized, possibly revealing the victim's cookies or executing arbitrary script in their browser.
CAPEC-588: DOM-Based XSS
This type of attack is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is inserted into the client-side HTML being parsed by a web browser. Content served by a vulnerable web application includes script code used to manipulate the Document Object Model (DOM). This script code either does not properly validate input, or does not perform proper output encoding, thus creating an opportunity for an adversary to inject a malicious script launch a XSS attack. A key distinction between other XSS attacks and DOM-based attacks is that in other XSS attacks, the malicious script runs when the vulnerable web page is initially loaded, while a DOM-based attack executes sometime after the page loads. Another distinction of DOM-based attacks is that in some cases, the malicious script is never sent to the vulnerable web server at all. An attack like this is guaranteed to bypass any server-side filtering attempts to protect users.
CAPEC-591: Reflected XSS
This type of attack is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is "reflected" off a vulnerable web application and then executed by a victim's browser. The process starts with an adversary delivering a malicious script to a victim and convincing the victim to send the script to the vulnerable web application.
CAPEC-592: Stored XSS
An adversary utilizes a form of Cross-site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is persistently "stored" within the data storage of a vulnerable web application as valid input.
CAPEC-63: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
An adversary embeds malicious scripts in content that will be served to web browsers. The goal of the attack is for the target software, the client-side browser, to execute the script with the users' privilege level. An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that are brought on by allowing remote hosts to execute code and scripts. Web browsers, for example, have some simple security controls in place, but if a remote attacker is allowed to execute scripts (through injecting them in to user-generated content like bulletin boards) then these controls may be bypassed. Further, these attacks are very difficult for an end user to detect.
CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting
This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.