Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-78

Allowed

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable

The product constructs all or part of an OS command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended OS command when it is sent to a downstream component.

9556 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-91837 (GCVE-0-2026-91837)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-25 16:14 – Updated: 2026-09-25 16:39
VLAI
Title
Networkmanager-iodine: networkmanager-iodine: local privilege escalation to root via nameserver option injection
Summary
A flaw was found in NetworkManager-iodine, the iodine VPN plugin for NetworkManager. A local unprivileged user can exploit a vulnerability in how the 'nameserver' setting is processed when establishing an iodine VPN connection. By embedding shell metacharacters (special characters that can execute commands) in the 'nameserver' value, an attacker can inject and execute arbitrary commands. These commands run with root privileges before the application drops its elevated permissions, leading to local privilege escalation.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-25 16:39 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
GNOME NetworkManager-iodine Affected: 0 , < * (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-09-15 09:25
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-91102 (GCVE-0-2026-91102)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-16 18:50 – Updated: 2026-09-18 03:55
VLAI
Title
HP Linux Imaging and Printing (HPLIP) Software– Multiple Vulnerabilities
Summary
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SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-16 00:00 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-78 - Improper neutralization of special elements used in an OS command ('OS command injection')
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
HP Inc. HP Linux Imaging and Printing Software (HPLIP) Affected: 0 , < 3.26.6 (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:hp_inc.:hp_linux_imaging_and_printing_software_hplip_:*:*:linux:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-91100 (GCVE-0-2026-91100)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-16 18:47 – Updated: 2026-09-17 13:41
VLAI
Title
HP Linux Imaging and Printing (HPLIP) Software– Multiple Vulnerabilities
Summary
HP has identified and remediated multiple externally reported vulnerabilities within HPLIP. The findings affect several software components that could potentially enable remote code execution, privilege escalation, denial of service, information disclosure, or unauthorized file modification under certain conditions.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-17 11:56 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-78 - Improper neutralization of special elements used in an OS command ('OS command injection')
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
HP Inc. HP Linux Imaging and Printing Software (HPLIP) Affected: 0 , < 3.26.6 (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:hp_inc.:hp_linux_imaging_and_printing_software_hplip_:*:*:linux:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-91006 (GCVE-0-2026-91006)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-28 10:44 – Updated: 2026-09-29 21:03
VLAI
Title
Apache Karaf: OS Command Injection in Child-Instance Launch (instance:* / InstancesMBean)
Summary
Apache Karaf's instance-management service (InstanceServiceImpl) builds the command line used to launch a child Karaf JVM by string concatenation, then executes it through /bin/sh (Unix) or cscript (Windows). The caller-supplied javaOpts value is spliced into that string unquoted. A javaOpts value containing shell metacharacters (;, |, `, $(...)) is interpreted by the shell instead of being passed to the JVM as an option, giving arbitrary OS command execution as the Karaf process user. Reachable via the shell commands instance:create, instance:start, instance:restart, instance:change-opts, and the equivalent InstanceMBean JMX operations (createInstance, startInstance, changeJavaOpts, cloneInstance). Mitigation  * Set karaf.secured.command.compulsory.roles=admin in etc/system.properties to close the fail-open gap for all unconfigured command scopes. * Restrict which principals can reach instance:* commands and InstancesMBean via etc/users.properties role assignments. * Treat javaOpts passed to instance:create/instance:start/instance:change-opts/InstancesMBean as untrusted input only from fully-trusted operators.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-29 03:55 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-78 - Improper neutralization of special elements used in an OS command ('OS command injection')
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Apache Software Foundation Apache Karaf Affected: 0 , < 4.4.12 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-90894 (GCVE-0-2026-90894)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-14 09:52 – Updated: 2026-09-15 08:49
VLAI
Title
Parallels Desktop local privilege escalation via appliance extract argument injection
Summary
Parallels Desktop runs prl_disp_service as root. Local clients reach it on the world-writable socket /var/run/prl_disp_service.socket. PrlSrv_LoginLocal accepts peer credentials. No Parallels signature. No admin group. After login, PrlSrv_InstallAppliance lets you pick the appliance folder (sVmParentPath). The daemon unpacks with one string, tar -xf "%1" -C "%2", then Qt QProcess::splitCommand chops that string into words. A quote in the folder name closes early. The leftover text becomes extra tar flags. macOS tar --use-compress-program= runs the named program as root.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-14 10:23 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-88 - Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')
  • CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
  • CWE-269 - Improper Privilege Management
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Parallels Parallels Desktop for Mac Affected: 26.4.0
Unaffected: 27.0.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-90847 (GCVE-0-2026-90847)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-15 01:00 – Updated: 2026-09-15 19:05
VLAI
Title
EFM ipTIME C200E System Setup iux_set.cgi os command injection
Summary
A vulnerability was determined in EFM ipTIME C200E 1.094. The impacted element is an unknown function of the file iux_set.cgi of the component System Setup. This manipulation causes os command injection. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-15 19:05 UTC
CWE
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
EFM ipTIME C200E Affected: 1.094
    cpe:2.3:a:efm:iptime_c200e:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-90843 (GCVE-0-2026-90843)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-15 00:00 – Updated: 2026-10-02 15:52 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
SabyasachiRana WebMap New Nmap Scan functions_nmap.py nmap_newscan os command injection
Summary
A security vulnerability has been detected in SabyasachiRana WebMap up to 8b95fe4dc301a3c09ddf145b895de0bf9f8d2a25. This affects the function nmap_newscan of the file functions_nmap.py of the component New Nmap Scan Handler. Such manipulation of the argument target/params leads to os command injection. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used. The name of the patch is 3d52f65803a2716bff14d938352c6fef45b0cfb6. A patch should be applied to remediate this issue. This issue got fixed with a silent patch.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-16 16:50 UTC
CWE
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
SabyasachiRana WebMap Affected: 8b95fe4dc301a3c09ddf145b895de0bf9f8d2a25
    cpe:2.3:a:sabyasachirana:webmap:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-90822 (GCVE-0-2026-90822)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-17 11:57 – Updated: 2026-09-17 14:15
VLAI
Summary
FatPipe MPVPN, WARP, and IPVPN appliances running the end-of-life firmware version 10.1.2r60p100 contain an OS command injection vulnerability in the xtremed daemon. An unauthenticated remote attacker with access to the affected management interface can submit crafted input to the AuthFormServlet endpoint, causing authentication data to be processed by a shell and allowing arbitrary commands to execute as root. The affected management interface is disabled by default and must be affirmatively enabled by the customer before the endpoint becomes reachable. FatPipe recommends restricting management access to trusted administrative networks and using WAN access control lists to limit access to trusted sources. Customers running the affected end-of-life firmware can contact FatPipe Support for help confirming their firmware version and upgrading to a current supported release at https://www.fatpipeinc.com/support/support, support@fatpipeinc.com, or +1 800-724-8521 (option 3).
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-17 14:10 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Impacted products
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-90788 (GCVE-0-2026-90788)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-14 14:00 – Updated: 2026-09-16 15:05
VLAI
Title
magicblack MacCMS10 Template .%40template%40default%40html%40label.html os command injection
Summary
A security flaw has been discovered in magicblack MacCMS10 2026.1000.4055. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file /admin1.php/admin/template/index/path/.%40template%40default%40html%40label.html of the component Template Handler. Performing a manipulation results in os command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-16 15:05 UTC
CWE
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
magicblack MacCMS10 Affected: 2026.1000.4055
    cpe:2.3:a:magicblack:maccms10:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-90770 (GCVE-0-2026-90770)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-13 10:45 – Updated: 2026-09-24 14:21
VLAI
Title
Spug through 3.4.0 Remote Code Execution via ping_check
Summary
Spug through 3.4.0 contains a remote code execution vulnerability in the ping_check function that interpolates user-supplied monitor addresses directly into shell commands without validation. Authenticated users with monitor permissions can inject shell metacharacters via the /monitor/run_test/ endpoint to execute arbitrary commands as the Spug process user.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-18 17:13 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
openspug spug Affected: 0 , ≤ 3.4.0 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-06-17 00:00
Show details on NVD website

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          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "packageURL": "pkg:github/openspug/spug",
          "product": "spug",
          "vendor": "openspug",
          "versions": [
            {
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              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
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        }
      ],
      "credits": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "finder",
          "value": "George Chen"
        }
      ],
      "datePublic": "2026-06-17T00:00:00.000Z",
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "Spug through 3.4.0 contains a remote code execution vulnerability in the ping_check function that interpolates user-supplied monitor addresses directly into shell commands without validation. Authenticated users with monitor permissions can inject shell metacharacters via the /monitor/run_test/ endpoint to execute arbitrary commands as the Spug process user."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
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            "attackRequirements": "NONE",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "baseScore": 8.7,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
            "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
            "version": "4.0",
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            "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
            "vulnIntegrityImpact": "HIGH"
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        {
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            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
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            "baseScore": 8.8,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
            "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
            "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "format": "CVSS"
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      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-78",
              "description": "Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command (\u0027OS Command Injection\u0027)",
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              "type": "CWE"
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          ]
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      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-09-24T14:21:51.257Z",
        "orgId": "83251b91-4cc7-4094-a5c7-464a1b83ea10",
        "shortName": "VulnCheck"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "GitHub Issue #741",
          "tags": [
            "issue-tracking"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/openspug/spug/issues/741"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "product"
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          "url": "https://github.com/openspug/spug"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
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          "url": "https://github.com/openspug/spug/blob/v3.4.0/spug_api/apps/monitor/executors.py"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "technical-description"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/openspug/spug/blob/v3.4.0/spug_api/apps/monitor/views.py"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "patch"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/openspug/spug/commit/97aebf133e1f9cbb35ccebadab1faedfdfe93f42"
        },
        {
          "name": "VulnCheck Advisory: Spug through 3.4.0 Remote Code Execution via ping_check",
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/spug-through-3.4.0-remote-code-execution-via-ping-check"
        }
      ],
      "title": "Spug through 3.4.0 Remote Code Execution via ping_check",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "vulncheck-endgame"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "83251b91-4cc7-4094-a5c7-464a1b83ea10",
    "assignerShortName": "VulnCheck",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-90770",
    "datePublished": "2026-09-13T10:45:41.796Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-09-13T10:14:52.802Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-09-24T14:21:51.257Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.

Mitigation MIT-22
Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Sandbox or Jail

  • Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
  • OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
  • This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
  • Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

For any data that will be used to generate a command to be executed, keep as much of that data out of external control as possible. For example, in web applications, this may require storing the data locally in the session's state instead of sending it out to the client in a hidden form field.

Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design

For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.

Mitigation MIT-4.3
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
Mitigation MIT-28
Implementation

Strategy: Output Encoding

While it is risky to use dynamically-generated query strings, code, or commands that mix control and data together, sometimes it may be unavoidable. Properly quote arguments and escape any special characters within those arguments. The most conservative approach is to escape or filter all characters that do not pass an extremely strict allowlist (such as everything that is not alphanumeric or white space). If some special characters are still needed, such as white space, wrap each argument in quotes after the escaping/filtering step. Be careful of argument injection (CWE-88).

Mitigation
Implementation

If the program to be executed allows arguments to be specified within an input file or from standard input, then consider using that mode to pass arguments instead of the command line.

Mitigation MIT-27
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Parameterization

  • If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
  • Some languages offer multiple functions that can be used to invoke commands. Where possible, identify any function that invokes a command shell using a single string, and replace it with a function that requires individual arguments. These functions typically perform appropriate quoting and filtering of arguments. For example, in C, the system() function accepts a string that contains the entire command to be executed, whereas execl(), execve(), and others require an array of strings, one for each argument. In Windows, CreateProcess() only accepts one command at a time. In Perl, if system() is provided with an array of arguments, then it will quote each of the arguments.
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • When constructing OS command strings, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set based on the expected value of the parameter in the request. This will indirectly limit the scope of an attack, but this technique is less important than proper output encoding and escaping.
  • Note that proper output encoding, escaping, and quoting is the most effective solution for preventing OS command injection, although input validation may provide some defense-in-depth. This is because it effectively limits what will appear in output. Input validation will not always prevent OS command injection, especially if you are required to support free-form text fields that could contain arbitrary characters. For example, when invoking a mail program, you might need to allow the subject field to contain otherwise-dangerous inputs like ";" and ">" characters, which would need to be escaped or otherwise handled. In this case, stripping the character might reduce the risk of OS command injection, but it would produce incorrect behavior because the subject field would not be recorded as the user intended. This might seem to be a minor inconvenience, but it could be more important when the program relies on well-structured subject lines in order to pass messages to other components.
  • Even if you make a mistake in your validation (such as forgetting one out of 100 input fields), appropriate encoding is still likely to protect you from injection-based attacks. As long as it is not done in isolation, input validation is still a useful technique, since it may significantly reduce your attack surface, allow you to detect some attacks, and provide other security benefits that proper encoding does not address.
Mitigation MIT-21
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion

When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.

Mitigation MIT-32
Operation

Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening

Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).

Mitigation MIT-32
Operation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).

Mitigation MIT-39
Implementation
  • Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
  • If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
  • Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
  • In the context of OS Command Injection, error information passed back to the user might reveal whether an OS command is being executed and possibly which command is being used.
Mitigation
Operation

Strategy: Sandbox or Jail

Use runtime policy enforcement to create an allowlist of allowable commands, then prevent use of any command that does not appear in the allowlist. Technologies such as AppArmor are available to do this.

Mitigation MIT-29
Operation

Strategy: Firewall

Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].

Mitigation MIT-17
Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.

Mitigation MIT-16
Operation Implementation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.

CAPEC-108: Command Line Execution through SQL Injection

An attacker uses standard SQL injection methods to inject data into the command line for execution. This could be done directly through misuse of directives such as MSSQL_xp_cmdshell or indirectly through injection of data into the database that would be interpreted as shell commands. Sometime later, an unscrupulous backend application (or could be part of the functionality of the same application) fetches the injected data stored in the database and uses this data as command line arguments without performing proper validation. The malicious data escapes that data plane by spawning new commands to be executed on the host.

CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters

An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.

CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers

An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.

CAPEC-6: Argument Injection

An attacker changes the behavior or state of a targeted application through injecting data or command syntax through the targets use of non-validated and non-filtered arguments of exposed services or methods.

CAPEC-88: OS Command Injection

In this type of an attack, an adversary injects operating system commands into existing application functions. An application that uses untrusted input to build command strings is vulnerable. An adversary can leverage OS command injection in an application to elevate privileges, execute arbitrary commands and compromise the underlying operating system.