CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5839 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-V3V3-W3MF-MJC9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-20 09:30 – Updated: 2024-10-20 09:30A vulnerability was found in WAVLINK WN530H4, WN530HG4 and WN572HG3 up to 20221028 and classified as critical. This issue affects the function ping_ddns of the file internet.cgi. The manipulation of the argument DDNS leads to command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-10193"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-20T08:15:02Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in WAVLINK WN530H4, WN530HG4 and WN572HG3 up to 20221028 and classified as critical. This issue affects the function ping_ddns of the file internet.cgi. The manipulation of the argument DDNS leads to command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-v3v3-w3mf-mjc9",
"modified": "2024-10-20T09:30:44Z",
"published": "2024-10-20T09:30:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-10193"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/13XWnFITW31u5J8HeQj8Zm-7oLt-M1DtQ"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.280967"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.280967"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.422811"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-V3VH-3R83-H3R3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-27 00:01 – Updated: 2022-01-06 00:00Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an authenticated user. This affects CBR750 before 4.6.3.6, RBK752 before 3.2.17.12, RBR750 before 3.2.17.12, RBS750 before 3.2.17.12, RBK852 before 3.2.17.12, RBR850 before 3.2.17.12, and RBS850 before 3.2.17.12.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-45596"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-26T01:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an authenticated user. This affects CBR750 before 4.6.3.6, RBK752 before 3.2.17.12, RBR750 before 3.2.17.12, RBS750 before 3.2.17.12, RBK852 before 3.2.17.12, RBR850 before 3.2.17.12, and RBS850 before 3.2.17.12.",
"id": "GHSA-v3vh-3r83-h3r3",
"modified": "2022-01-06T00:00:57Z",
"published": "2021-12-27T00:01:00Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-45596"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kb.netgear.com/000064140/Security-Advisory-for-Post-Authentication-Command-Injection-on-Some-WiFi-Systems-PSV-2020-0516"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-V3VJ-88W4-57R2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-04 18:31 – Updated: 2026-08-04 21:30H3C Magic BE18000 V200R007, H3C NX400 V100R015, H3C Magic NX30 Pro V100R0011, H3C Magic R3010 V100R009, H3C Magic NX15 V100R017, H3C Magic R1510 V100R016, and H3C NE36 Pro V100R002 contain multiple command injection vulnerabilities in the /api/esps request handler. The affected object interfaces and methods are esps.dhcpd.vlan (getlist, delete), esps.filter.url (add, modify), esps.apcm.version (delete, H3C Magic NX15 only), esps.swcm.version (delete, upgrade, all affected models except H3C Magic NX15), and esps.system.ntp (set, all affected models except H3C Magic NX15). Attacker-controlled request parameters are incorporated into shell expressions executed by eval without adequate validation, allowing a remote attacker to execute arbitrary commands as root and gain complete control of the affected device.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-29296"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-08-04T17:16:42Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "H3C Magic BE18000 V200R007, H3C NX400 V100R015, H3C Magic NX30 Pro V100R0011, H3C Magic R3010 V100R009, H3C Magic NX15 V100R017, H3C Magic R1510 V100R016, and H3C NE36 Pro V100R002 contain multiple command injection vulnerabilities in the /api/esps request handler. The affected object interfaces and methods are esps.dhcpd.vlan (getlist, delete), esps.filter.url (add, modify), esps.apcm.version (delete, H3C Magic NX15 only), esps.swcm.version (delete, upgrade, all affected models except H3C Magic NX15), and esps.system.ntp (set, all affected models except H3C Magic NX15). Attacker-controlled request parameters are incorporated into shell expressions executed by eval without adequate validation, allowing a remote attacker to execute arbitrary commands as root and gain complete control of the affected device.",
"id": "GHSA-v3vj-88w4-57r2",
"modified": "2026-08-04T21:30:27Z",
"published": "2026-08-04T18:31:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-29296"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://app.notion.com/p/Multiple-Command-Injection-Vulnerabilities-in-Several-H3C-Network-Devices-3b2797159f158056bfd1c3ba38e7a7b7"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.h3c.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V446-J5J2-JVVP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-17 18:31 – Updated: 2026-04-20 18:31A vulnerability allowing a local attacker with administrator privileges to bypass Windows Driver Signature Enforcement.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-21709"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-17T16:16:36Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability allowing a local attacker with administrator privileges to bypass Windows Driver Signature Enforcement.",
"id": "GHSA-v446-j5j2-jvvp",
"modified": "2026-04-20T18:31:44Z",
"published": "2026-04-17T18:31:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-21709"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.veeam.com/kb4830"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.veeam.com/kb4831"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V45M-VHM5-HJ52
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-20 03:30 – Updated: 2024-12-20 03:30There is a command injection vulnerability in Huawei terminal printer product. Successful exploitation could result in the highest privileges of the printer. (Vulnerability ID: HWPSIRT-2022-51773)
This vulnerability has been assigned a Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) ID: CVE-2022-32203.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-32203"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-20T03:15:05Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "There is a command injection vulnerability in Huawei terminal printer product. Successful exploitation could result in the highest privileges of the printer. (Vulnerability ID: HWPSIRT-2022-51773)\n\nThis vulnerability has been assigned a Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) ID: CVE-2022-32203.",
"id": "GHSA-v45m-vhm5-hj52",
"modified": "2024-12-20T03:30:23Z",
"published": "2024-12-20T03:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-32203"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.huawei.com/en/psirt/security-advisories/huawei-sa-20220601-01-6b47c6b6-en"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V475-XHC9-WFXG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-12 09:33 – Updated: 2025-10-22 00:33A command injection vulnerability in the GlobalProtect feature of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS software for specific PAN-OS versions and distinct feature configurations may enable an unauthenticated attacker to execute arbitrary code with root privileges on the firewall.
Fixes for PAN-OS 10.2, PAN-OS 11.0, and PAN-OS 11.1 are in development and are expected to be released by April 14, 2024. Cloud NGFW, Panorama appliances, and Prisma Access are not impacted by this vulnerability. All other versions of PAN-OS are also not impacted.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-3400"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-20",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-12T08:15:06Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A command injection vulnerability in the GlobalProtect feature of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS software for specific PAN-OS versions and distinct feature configurations may enable an unauthenticated attacker to execute arbitrary code with root privileges on the firewall.\n\nFixes for PAN-OS 10.2, PAN-OS 11.0, and PAN-OS 11.1 are in development and are expected to be released by April 14, 2024. Cloud NGFW, Panorama appliances, and Prisma Access are not impacted by this vulnerability. All other versions of PAN-OS are also not impacted.",
"id": "GHSA-v475-xhc9-wfxg",
"modified": "2025-10-22T00:33:00Z",
"published": "2024-04-12T09:33:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-3400"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.paloaltonetworks.com/CVE-2024-3400"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/cve-2024-3400"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2024-3400"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/blog/2024/04/more-on-the-pan-os-cve"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2024/04/12/zero-day-exploitation-of-unauthenticated-remote-code-execution-vulnerability-in-globalprotect-cve-2024-3400"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V4F2-WGPX-3P85
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-10-06 18:52 – Updated: 2022-10-12 12:00TOTOLINK NR1800X V9.1.0u.6279_B20210910 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the UploadFirmwareFile function at /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-41518"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-10-06T18:16:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "TOTOLINK NR1800X V9.1.0u.6279_B20210910 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the UploadFirmwareFile function at /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi.",
"id": "GHSA-v4f2-wgpx-3p85",
"modified": "2022-10-12T12:00:17Z",
"published": "2022-10-06T18:52:05Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-41518"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://brief-nymphea-813.notion.site/NR1800X-command-injection-UploadFirmwareFile-a98e96086d824b7d8b788a8639322457"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V4JR-H68Q-3MJH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-08-11 00:00 – Updated: 2022-08-16 00:00WAVLINK WN572HP3, WN533A8, WN530H4, WN535G3, WN531P3 adm.cgi has no filtering on parameter led_switch, which leads to command injection in page /ledonoff.shtml.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-35525"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-08-10T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "WAVLINK WN572HP3, WN533A8, WN530H4, WN535G3, WN531P3 adm.cgi has no filtering on parameter led_switch, which leads to command injection in page /ledonoff.shtml.",
"id": "GHSA-v4jr-h68q-3mjh",
"modified": "2022-08-16T00:00:31Z",
"published": "2022-08-11T00:00:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-35525"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/TyeYeah/othercveinfo/blob/main/wavlink/README.md#wavlink-router-ac1200-page-ledonoffshtml-command-injection-in-admcgi"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V4MX-VJ69-J98G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-02-25 00:01 – Updated: 2023-08-08 15:31TOTOLink A950RG V5.9c.4050_B20190424 and V4.1.2cu.5204_B20210112 were discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in the "Main" function. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the QUERY_STRING parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-25082"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-02-24T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "TOTOLink A950RG V5.9c.4050_B20190424 and V4.1.2cu.5204_B20210112 were discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in the \"Main\" function. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the QUERY_STRING parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-v4mx-vj69-j98g",
"modified": "2023-08-08T15:31:44Z",
"published": "2022-02-25T00:01:04Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-25082"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/EPhaha/IOT_vuln/blob/main/TOTOLink/A950RG/README.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V4P8-MG3P-G94G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-25 23:27 – Updated: 2026-06-09 13:07Impact
Two endpoints used to preview an MCP server before saving it — POST /mcp-rest/test/connection and POST /mcp-rest/test/tools/list — accepted a full server configuration in the request body, including the command, args, and env fields used by the stdio transport. When called with a stdio configuration, the endpoints attempted to connect, which spawned the supplied command as a subprocess on the proxy host with the privileges of the proxy process.
The endpoints were gated only by a valid proxy API key, with no role check. Any authenticated user — including holders of low-privilege internal-user keys — could therefore run arbitrary commands on the host.
Patches
Fixed in 1.83.7. Both test endpoints now require the PROXY_ADMIN role, bringing them into line with the save endpoint.
Workarounds
If upgrading is not immediately possible, developers should block POST /mcp-rest/test/connection and POST /mcp-rest/test/tools/list at their reverse proxy or API gateway.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "litellm"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.74.2"
},
{
"fixed": "1.83.7"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-42271"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-25T23:27:54Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-08T04:16:21Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nTwo endpoints used to preview an MCP server before saving it \u2014 `POST /mcp-rest/test/connection` and `POST /mcp-rest/test/tools/list` \u2014 accepted a full server configuration in the request body, including the `command`, `args`, and `env` fields used by the stdio transport. When called with a stdio configuration, the endpoints attempted to connect, which spawned the supplied command as a subprocess on the proxy host with the privileges of the proxy process.\n\nThe endpoints were gated only by a valid proxy API key, with no role check. Any authenticated user \u2014 including holders of low-privilege internal-user keys \u2014 could therefore run arbitrary commands on the host.\n\n### Patches\n\nFixed in **`1.83.7`**. Both test endpoints now require the `PROXY_ADMIN` role, bringing them into line with the save endpoint.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nIf upgrading is not immediately possible, developers should block `POST /mcp-rest/test/connection` and `POST /mcp-rest/test/tools/list` at their reverse proxy or API gateway.",
"id": "GHSA-v4p8-mg3p-g94g",
"modified": "2026-06-09T13:07:06Z",
"published": "2026-04-25T23:27:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/BerriAI/litellm/security/advisories/GHSA-v4p8-mg3p-g94g"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-42271"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/BerriAI/litellm"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/BerriAI/litellm/releases/tag/v1.83.7-stable"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2026-42271"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "LiteLLM: Authenticated command execution via MCP stdio test endpoints"
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.