Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-77

Allowed-with-Review

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.

5839 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-C969-QWM2-PF77

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-02 15:31 – Updated: 2025-09-02 21:30
VLAI
Details

Wavlink WN535K3 20191010 was found to contain a command injection vulnerability in the set_sys_adm function via the username parameter. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted request.

Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-50757"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-09-02T15:15:32Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Wavlink WN535K3 20191010 was found to contain a command injection vulnerability in the set_sys_adm function via the username parameter. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted request.",
  "id": "GHSA-c969-qwm2-pf77",
  "modified": "2025-09-02T21:30:57Z",
  "published": "2025-09-02T15:31:08Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-50757"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/Summermu/VulnForIoT/tree/main/Wavlink_WN535K3/set_sys_adm_username/readme.md"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-C96R-89XW-Q4PV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:45 – Updated: 2022-07-11 00:00
VLAI
Details

A command injection on the /admin/broadcast.php script of Invigo Automatic Device Management (ADM) through 5.0 allows remote authenticated attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code on the server as the user running the application.

Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-10580"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-03-25T20:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A command injection on the /admin/broadcast.php script of Invigo Automatic Device Management (ADM) through 5.0 allows remote authenticated attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code on the server as the user running the application.",
  "id": "GHSA-c96r-89xw-q4pv",
  "modified": "2022-07-11T00:00:25Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:45:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-10580"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/77.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.on-x.com/sites/default/files/security_advisory_-_multiple_vulnerabilities_-_invigo_adm.pdf"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-C97V-9PFC-P975

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 02:20 – Updated: 2022-05-17 02:20
VLAI
Details

Proxy command injection vulnerability in Trend Micro InterScan Messaging Virtual Appliance 9.0 and 9.1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on vulnerable installations. The specific flaw can be exploited by parsing the "T" parameter within modTMCSS Proxy. Formerly ZDI-CAN-4745.

Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-11392"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2017-08-03T15:29:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Proxy command injection vulnerability in Trend Micro InterScan Messaging Virtual Appliance 9.0 and 9.1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on vulnerable installations. The specific flaw can be exploited by parsing the \"T\" parameter within modTMCSS Proxy. Formerly ZDI-CAN-4745.",
  "id": "GHSA-c97v-9pfc-p975",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T02:20:06Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T02:20:06Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-11392"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://success.trendmicro.com/solution/1117723"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/100075"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-17-504"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-C9C6-XFR6-Q42W

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-11 21:31 – Updated: 2026-05-12 15:31
VLAI
Details

EDIMAX BR-6428nS V3 1.15 is vulnerable to Command Injection. An authenticated attacker with access to the network can submit crafted input to the WLAN configuration functionality. Due to insufficient input validation, the attacker is able to execute arbitrary system commands on the device.

Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-36734"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-11T20:25:41Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "EDIMAX BR-6428nS V3 1.15 is vulnerable to Command Injection. An authenticated attacker with access to the network can submit crafted input to the WLAN configuration functionality. Due to insufficient input validation, the attacker is able to execute arbitrary system commands on the device.",
  "id": "GHSA-c9c6-xfr6-q42w",
  "modified": "2026-05-12T15:31:31Z",
  "published": "2026-05-11T21:31:35Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-36734"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/theShinigami/CVE-Disclosures/tree/main/CVE-2026-36734"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://edimax.com"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-C9FV-CGMM-2WG7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-18 17:59 – Updated: 2026-08-18 17:59
VLAI
Summary
LibreNMS Vulnerable to Remote Code Execution by Signal Alert Transportation module
Details

Summary

A vulnerability has been identified that allows an authenticated administrator to execute arbitrary code on the host server. By adding an alert transport entry, an attacker with administrative privileges can execute malicious commands.

Details

The vulnerability is caused by an unsafe exec call in deliverAlert function of LibreNMS/Alert/Transport/Signal.php. Escapes for the path of signal-cli and the Recipient field are insufficient to prevent command-line injection.

The composer_wrapper.php under scripts is also vulnerable to command injection (unsafe exec calls) by passing the injected command as an argument, and it is accepting arguments passed by deliverAlert.

By chaining these unsafe exec calls, malicious admin user can execute any executables in the server's filesystem.

PoC

  1. Under Dashboard -> Alert -> Alert Transports

image

  1. Create a new Alert Transport entry. a. Select Signal as Transport type. b. Put ../scripts/composer_wrapper.php into Path. c. Put the command to execute under Recipient with ; at the start and the end of string.

image

  1. . Click Save Transport, and after the popup closed, click Test Transport button under Action of the created Alert Transport entry.

image

  1. The command is executed. image

Impact

This vulnerability allows a malicious actor to achieve Remote Code Execution (RCE), potentially leading to complete system compromise, data exfiltration, or lateral movement within the network.

Remediation Advice

Escape user inputs, and avoid passing them directly into exec function. (scripts/composer_wrapper.php) Avoid setting executable paths directly in web interface. Instead, use a config value, and only allow setting executable paths by command line interface. (LibreNMS/Alert/Transport/Signal.php)

Severity
8.6 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "librenms/librenms"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "21.6.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "26.5.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-55182"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-08-18T17:59:56Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\nA vulnerability has been identified that allows an authenticated administrator to execute arbitrary code on the host server. By adding an alert transport entry, an attacker with administrative privileges can execute malicious commands.\n\n### Details\nThe vulnerability is caused by an unsafe `exec` call in `deliverAlert` function of `LibreNMS/Alert/Transport/Signal.php`. Escapes for the path of `signal-cli` and the `Recipient` field are insufficient to prevent command-line injection. \n\nThe `composer_wrapper.php` under `scripts` is also vulnerable to command injection (unsafe `exec` calls) by passing the injected command as an argument, and it is accepting arguments passed by `deliverAlert`.\n\nBy chaining these unsafe `exec` calls, malicious admin user can execute any executables in the server\u0027s filesystem.\n\n### PoC\n\n1. Under Dashboard -\u003e Alert -\u003e Alert Transports\n\n\u003cimg width=\"282\" height=\"273\" alt=\"image\" src=\"https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/b72f55b0-b782-47d0-b4f7-75f498019345\" /\u003e\n\n2. Create a new Alert Transport entry.\n    a. Select `Signal` as `Transport type`.\n    b. Put `../scripts/composer_wrapper.php` into `Path`.\n    c. Put the command to execute under `Recipient` with `;` at the start and the end of string.\n\n\u003cimg width=\"767\" height=\"391\" alt=\"image\" src=\"https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/5e34bfa8-4bd5-40cb-9624-0d40e40ccdc5\" /\u003e\n\n3. . Click `Save Transport`, and after the popup closed, click `Test Transport` button under `Action` of the created Alert Transport entry.\n\n\u003cimg width=\"172\" height=\"90\" alt=\"image\" src=\"https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/7f83db07-fbf9-4be6-b247-533a6d7b9828\" /\u003e\n\n4. The command is executed.\n\u003cimg width=\"532\" height=\"216\" alt=\"image\" src=\"https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/d595b0fe-10cc-4050-b4b9-d290b658689d\" /\u003e\n\n### Impact\nThis vulnerability allows a malicious actor to achieve Remote Code Execution (RCE), potentially leading to complete system compromise, data exfiltration, or lateral movement within the network.\n\n### Remediation Advice\nEscape user inputs, and avoid passing them directly into `exec` function. (`scripts/composer_wrapper.php`)\nAvoid setting executable paths directly in web interface. Instead, use a config value, and only allow setting executable paths by command line interface. (`LibreNMS/Alert/Transport/Signal.php`)",
  "id": "GHSA-c9fv-cgmm-2wg7",
  "modified": "2026-08-18T17:59:56Z",
  "published": "2026-08-18T17:59:56Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/librenms/librenms/security/advisories/GHSA-c9fv-cgmm-2wg7"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/librenms/librenms"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/librenms/librenms/releases/tag/26.5.0"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "LibreNMS Vulnerable to Remote Code Execution by Signal Alert Transportation module"
}

GHSA-C9J3-WQPH-5XX9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2018-09-17 20:43 – Updated: 2023-02-03 20:45
VLAI
Summary
Command Injection in egg-scripts
Details

Versions of egg-scripts before 2.8.1 are vulnerable to command injection. This is only exploitable if a malicious argument is provided on the command line.

Example: eggctl start --daemon --stderr='/tmp/eggctl_stderr.log; touch /tmp/malicious'

Recommendation

Update to version 2.8.1 or later.

Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "egg-scripts"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.8.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-3786"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77",
      "CWE-78"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2020-06-16T21:30:55Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-08-24T20:29:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Versions of `egg-scripts` before 2.8.1 are vulnerable to command injection. This is only exploitable if a malicious argument is provided on the command line.\n\n\nExample:\n`eggctl start --daemon --stderr=\u0027/tmp/eggctl_stderr.log; touch /tmp/malicious\u0027`\n\n\n## Recommendation\n\nUpdate to version 2.8.1 or later.",
  "id": "GHSA-c9j3-wqph-5xx9",
  "modified": "2023-02-03T20:45:07Z",
  "published": "2018-09-17T20:43:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-3786"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/eggjs/egg-scripts/pull/26"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/eggjs/egg-scripts/commit/b98fd03d1e3aaed68004b881f0b3d42fe47341dd"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/388936"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-c9j3-wqph-5xx9"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/eggjs/egg-scripts/blob/2.8.1/History.md"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/694"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Command Injection in egg-scripts"
}

GHSA-C9Q3-R4RV-MJM7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-27 00:54 – Updated: 2023-02-06 16:46
VLAI
Summary
Fix for arbitrary command execution in custom layout update through blocks
Details

Impact

Custom Layout enabled admin users to execute arbitrary commands via block methods.

Severity
7.2 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "openmage/magento-lts"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "19.4.22"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "openmage/magento-lts"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "20.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "20.0.19"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-39217"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2023-01-27T00:54:46Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-01-27T18:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\nCustom Layout enabled admin users to execute arbitrary commands via block methods.\n\n",
  "id": "GHSA-c9q3-r4rv-mjm7",
  "modified": "2023-02-06T16:46:16Z",
  "published": "2023-01-27T00:54:46Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/OpenMage/magento-lts/security/advisories/GHSA-c9q3-r4rv-mjm7"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-39217"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/OpenMage/magento-lts/commit/289bd4b4f53622138e3e5c2d2cef7502d780086f"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/OpenMage/magento-lts"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/OpenMage/magento-lts/releases/tag/v19.4.22"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/OpenMage/magento-lts/releases/tag/v20.0.19"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Fix for arbitrary command execution in custom layout update through blocks"
}

GHSA-CC2G-584X-8VHW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-03 18:30 – Updated: 2023-02-10 15:30
VLAI
Details

TOTOLINK CA300-PoE V6.2c.884 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the NetDiagHost parameter in the setNetworkDiag function.

Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-24139"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-02-03T16:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "TOTOLINK CA300-PoE V6.2c.884 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the NetDiagHost parameter in the setNetworkDiag function.",
  "id": "GHSA-cc2g-584x-8vhw",
  "modified": "2023-02-10T15:30:29Z",
  "published": "2023-02-03T18:30:33Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-24139"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/Double-q1015/CVE-vulns/blob/main/totolink_ca300-poe/setNetworkDiag_NetDiagHost/setNetworkDiag_NetDiagHost.md"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-CC3F-9J5H-RJR3

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:06 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:06
VLAI
Details

In IBOS 4.5.4 Open, the database backup has Command Injection Vulnerability.

Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-21785"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-06-24T16:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "In IBOS 4.5.4 Open, the database backup has Command Injection Vulnerability.",
  "id": "GHSA-cc3f-9j5h-rjr3",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T19:06:05Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:06:05Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-21785"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gitee.com/ibos/IBOS/issues/I18IIV"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-CC43-2HJ7-X446

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:10 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:10
VLAI
Details

Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an unauthenticated attacker. This affects D7800 before 1.0.1.56, R7800 before 1.0.2.68, R8900 before 1.0.4.26, and R9000 before 1.0.4.26.

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-38529"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-08-11T00:16:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an unauthenticated attacker. This affects D7800 before 1.0.1.56, R7800 before 1.0.2.68, R8900 before 1.0.4.26, and R9000 before 1.0.4.26.",
  "id": "GHSA-cc43-2hj7-x446",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T19:10:46Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:10:46Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-38529"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://kb.netgear.com/000063765/Security-Advisory-for-Pre-Authentication-Command-Injection-on-Some-Routers-and-Gateways-PSV-2018-0616"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.

Mitigation
Implementation

If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.

Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Operation

Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.

Mitigation
System Configuration

Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.

CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection

An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.

CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters

An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.

CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection

An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.

CAPEC-248: Command Injection

An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.

CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices

This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.

CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers

An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.

CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files

Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.

CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls

An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.

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