CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5839 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-6XXQ-J39W-G3F6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 00:56 – Updated: 2024-01-12 16:30Puppet 2.6.x before 2.6.15 and 2.7.x before 2.7.13, and Puppet Enterprise (PE) Users 1.0, 1.1, 1.2.x, 2.0.x, and 2.5.x before 2.5.1 allows remote authenticated users with agent SSL keys and file-creation permissions on the puppet master to execute arbitrary commands by creating a file whose full pathname contains shell metacharacters, then performing a filebucket request.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "puppet"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.6.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.6.15"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "puppet"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.7.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.7.13"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2012-1988"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-01-12T16:30:38Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2012-05-29T20:55:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Puppet 2.6.x before 2.6.15 and 2.7.x before 2.7.13, and Puppet Enterprise (PE) Users 1.0, 1.1, 1.2.x, 2.0.x, and 2.5.x before 2.5.1 allows remote authenticated users with agent SSL keys and file-creation permissions on the puppet master to execute arbitrary commands by creating a file whose full pathname contains shell metacharacters, then performing a filebucket request.",
"id": "GHSA-6xxq-j39w-g3f6",
"modified": "2024-01-12T16:30:38Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T00:56:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2012-1988"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/puppetlabs/puppet/commit/0d6d29933e613fe177e9235415919a5428db67bc"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/puppetlabs/puppet/commit/568ded50ec6cc498ad32ff7f086d9f73b5d24c14"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20121031092646/http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/52975"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20121025194938/http://secunia.com/advisories/48743"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20121025194830/http://secunia.com/advisories/49136"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20121025113446/http://secunia.com/advisories/48748"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20121025112409/http://secunia.com/advisories/48789"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20121013181707/http://puppetlabs.com/security/cve/cve-2012-1988"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20120816020421/http://projects.puppetlabs.com/projects/1/wiki/Release_Notes#2.6.15"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20120513213112/http://projects.puppetlabs.com/issues/13518"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20120415105345/http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/52975"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hermes.opensuse.org/messages/15087408"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hermes.opensuse.org/messages/14523305"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/puppet/CVE-2012-1988.yml"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/puppetlabs/puppet"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/74796"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.fedoraproject.org/pipermail/package-announce/2012-April/079227.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.fedoraproject.org/pipermail/package-announce/2012-April/079289.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.fedoraproject.org/pipermail/package-announce/2012-May/080003.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://projects.puppetlabs.com/issues/13518"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://projects.puppetlabs.com/projects/1/wiki/Release_Notes#2.6.15"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://puppetlabs.com/security/cve/cve-2012-1988"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://ubuntu.com/usn/usn-1419-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.debian.org/security/2012/dsa-2451"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [],
"summary": "Puppet Arbitrary Command Execution"
}
GHSA-723Q-4X66-VRF2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-23 18:33 – Updated: 2024-08-23 21:30D-Link DI_8004W 16.07.26A1 contains a command execution vulnerability in jhttpd msp_info_htm function.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-44381"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-23T16:15:07Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "D-Link DI_8004W 16.07.26A1 contains a command execution vulnerability in jhttpd msp_info_htm function.",
"id": "GHSA-723q-4x66-vrf2",
"modified": "2024-08-23T21:30:42Z",
"published": "2024-08-23T18:33:02Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-44381"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/GroundCTL2MajorTom/pocs/blob/main/dlink_DI8004W.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dlink.com/en/security-bulletin"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-726G-59WR-CJ4C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-09 16:56 – Updated: 2026-03-10 18:39Location: packages/server/src/integrations/postgres.ts:529-531
Description
The PostgreSQL integration constructs shell commands using user-controlled configuration values (database name, host, password, etc.) without proper sanitization. The password and other connection parameters are directly interpolated into a shell command.
Code Reference
``529:531:packages/server/src/integrations/postgres.ts
const dumpCommand =PGPASSWORD="${
this.config.password
}" pg_dump --schema-only "${dumpCommandParts.join(" ")}"`
#### Attack Vector
An attacker who can control database configuration values (e.g., through compromised credentials or configuration injection) can inject shell commands. For example:
- Password: `password"; malicious-command; echo "`
- Database name: `db"; rm -rf /; echo "`
#### Impact
- Remote code execution
- System compromise
- Data exfiltration
#### Recommendation
1. Use environment variables for sensitive values instead of command-line arguments
2. Validate and sanitize all configuration values
3. Use proper escaping for shell arguments
4. Consider using a PostgreSQL library's native dump functionality instead of shell commands
#### Example Fix
```typescript
import { execFile } from "child_process"
import { promisify } from "util"
const execFileAsync = promisify(execFile)
// Use execFile with proper argument handling
const env = {
...process.env,
PGPASSWORD: this.config.password
}
const args = [
"--schema-only",
"--host", this.config.host,
"--port", this.config.port.toString(),
"--username", this.config.user,
"--dbname", this.config.database
]
try {
const { stdout } = await execFileAsync("pg_dump", args, { env })
return stdout
} catch (error) {
// Handle error
}
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@budibase/server"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.23.32"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-25041"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-09T16:56:26Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-09T20:16:07Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "**Location**: `packages/server/src/integrations/postgres.ts:529-531` \n\n#### Description\nThe PostgreSQL integration constructs shell commands using user-controlled configuration values (database name, host, password, etc.) without proper sanitization. The password and other connection parameters are directly interpolated into a shell command.\n\n#### Code Reference\n```529:531:packages/server/src/integrations/postgres.ts\n const dumpCommand = `PGPASSWORD=\"${\n this.config.password\n }\" pg_dump --schema-only \"${dumpCommandParts.join(\" \")}\"`\n```\n\n#### Attack Vector\nAn attacker who can control database configuration values (e.g., through compromised credentials or configuration injection) can inject shell commands. For example:\n- Password: `password\"; malicious-command; echo \"`\n- Database name: `db\"; rm -rf /; echo \"`\n\n#### Impact\n- Remote code execution\n- System compromise\n- Data exfiltration\n\n#### Recommendation\n1. Use environment variables for sensitive values instead of command-line arguments\n2. Validate and sanitize all configuration values\n3. Use proper escaping for shell arguments\n4. Consider using a PostgreSQL library\u0027s native dump functionality instead of shell commands\n\n#### Example Fix\n```typescript\nimport { execFile } from \"child_process\"\nimport { promisify } from \"util\"\nconst execFileAsync = promisify(execFile)\n\n// Use execFile with proper argument handling\nconst env = {\n ...process.env,\n PGPASSWORD: this.config.password\n}\n\nconst args = [\n \"--schema-only\",\n \"--host\", this.config.host,\n \"--port\", this.config.port.toString(),\n \"--username\", this.config.user,\n \"--dbname\", this.config.database\n]\n\ntry {\n const { stdout } = await execFileAsync(\"pg_dump\", args, { env })\n return stdout\n} catch (error) {\n // Handle error\n}\n```",
"id": "GHSA-726g-59wr-cj4c",
"modified": "2026-03-10T18:39:09Z",
"published": "2026-03-09T16:56:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Budibase/budibase/security/advisories/GHSA-726g-59wr-cj4c"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-25041"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Budibase/budibase/commit/9fdbff32fb9e69650ba899a799e13f80d9b09e93"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/Budibase/budibase"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Budibase/budibase/blob/f34d545602a7c94427bae63312a5ee9bf2aa6c85/packages/server/src/integrations/postgres.ts#L529-L531"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "@budibase/server: Command Injection in PostgreSQL Dump Command"
}
GHSA-726X-RVQX-M6J6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-09 18:30 – Updated: 2024-09-09 21:31D-Link DI-7003G v19.12.24A1, DI-7003GV2 v24.04.18D1, DI-7100G+V2 v24.04.18D1, DI-7100GV2 v24.04.18D1, DI-7200GV2 v24.04.18E1, DI-7300G+V2 v24.04.18D1, and DI-7400G+V2 v24.04.18D1 are vulnerable to Remote Command Execution (RCE) via version_upgrade.asp.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-44335"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-09-09T18:15:03Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "D-Link DI-7003G v19.12.24A1, DI-7003GV2 v24.04.18D1, DI-7100G+V2 v24.04.18D1, DI-7100GV2 v24.04.18D1, DI-7200GV2 v24.04.18E1, DI-7300G+V2 v24.04.18D1, and DI-7400G+V2 v24.04.18D1 are vulnerable to Remote Command Execution (RCE) via version_upgrade.asp.",
"id": "GHSA-726x-rvqx-m6j6",
"modified": "2024-09-09T21:31:22Z",
"published": "2024-09-09T18:30:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-44335"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/Swind1er/029fb2a9dab916f926fab40cc059223f"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dlink.com/en/security-bulletin"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-72JX-RHG9-XGFW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-22 21:31 – Updated: 2025-07-22 21:31Code Injection in AgentTemplate.eval_agent_config in TransformerOptimus SuperAGI 0.0.14 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary Python code via malicious values in agent template configurations such as the goal, constraints, or instruction field, which are evaluated using eval() without validation during template loading or updates.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-51472"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-07-22T20:15:25Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Code Injection in AgentTemplate.eval_agent_config in TransformerOptimus SuperAGI 0.0.14 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary Python code via malicious values in agent template configurations such as the goal, constraints, or instruction field, which are evaluated using eval() without validation during template loading or updates.",
"id": "GHSA-72jx-rhg9-xgfw",
"modified": "2025-07-22T21:31:15Z",
"published": "2025-07-22T21:31:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-51472"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/TransformerOptimus/SuperAGI/pull/1461"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/TransformerOptimus/SuperAGI"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.gecko.security/blog/cve-2025-51472"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-72M3-3P32-PW2Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-01-19 00:01 – Updated: 2022-01-25 00:02China Mobile An Lianbao WF-1 V1.0.1 router provides a web interface /api/ZRRuleFilter/set_firewall_level which receives parameters by POST request, and the parameter firewall_level has a command injection vulnerability. An attacker can use the vulnerability to execute remote commands.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-33964"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-01-18T12:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "China Mobile An Lianbao WF-1 V1.0.1 router provides a web interface /api/ZRRuleFilter/set_firewall_level which receives parameters by POST request, and the parameter firewall_level has a command injection vulnerability. An attacker can use the vulnerability to execute remote commands.",
"id": "GHSA-72m3-3p32-pw2q",
"modified": "2022-01-25T00:02:35Z",
"published": "2022-01-19T00:01:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-33964"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pokerfacett/MY_CVE_CREDIT/blob/master/China%20Mobile%20An%20Lianbao%20WF-1%20router%20Command%20Injection11.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cnvd.org.cn/flaw/show/CNVD-2021-03520"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ebuy7.com/item/china-mobile-wireless-router-qualcomm-qiki-wifi6-routing-mesh-network-home-5g-dual-frequency-double-gigabit-port-wall-wall-high-speed-%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Bhigh-power-enhanced-dormitory-students-an-lianbao-wf-1-628692180620"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://iot.10086.cn/?l=en-us"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-72V3-RGJM-MJ6F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-13 00:30 – Updated: 2024-11-16 00:31Sercomm Router Etisalat Model S3- AC2100 is affected by Incorrect Access Control via the diagnostic utility in the router dashboard.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-27702"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-12T23:15:03Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Sercomm Router Etisalat Model S3- AC2100 is affected by Incorrect Access Control via the diagnostic utility in the router dashboard.",
"id": "GHSA-72v3-rgjm-mj6f",
"modified": "2024-11-16T00:31:50Z",
"published": "2024-11-13T00:30:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-27702"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Mrnmap/mrnmap-cve/blob/main/CVE-2021-27702"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-733H-QV2X-3845
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-09-14 21:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 07:41Command Execution vulnerability in China Mobile Communications China Mobile Intelligent Home Gateway v.HG6543C4 allows a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code via the shortcut_telnet.cg component.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-41011"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-09-14T19:16:50Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Command Execution vulnerability in China Mobile Communications China Mobile Intelligent Home Gateway v.HG6543C4 allows a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code via the shortcut_telnet.cg component.",
"id": "GHSA-733h-qv2x-3845",
"modified": "2024-04-04T07:41:01Z",
"published": "2023-09-14T21:30:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-41011"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/te5tb99/For-submitting/wiki/Command-Execution-Vulnerability-in-China-Mobile-Intelligent-Home-Gateway-HG6543C4"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-7345-52CR-Q8J4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-10-25 21:30 – Updated: 2023-11-01 18:30TOTOLINK X6000R v9.4.0cu.652_B20230116 was discovered to contain a command execution vulnerability via the sub_ The 41DD80 function.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-46408"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-10-25T20:15:12Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "TOTOLINK X6000R v9.4.0cu.652_B20230116 was discovered to contain a command execution vulnerability via the sub_ The 41DD80 function.",
"id": "GHSA-7345-52cr-q8j4",
"modified": "2023-11-01T18:30:32Z",
"published": "2023-10-25T21:30:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-46408"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/XYIYM/Digging/blob/main/TOTOLINK/X6000R/16/1.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.totolink.cn/index.php/home/menu/detail.html?menu_listtpl=download\u0026id=88\u0026ids=36"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-734X-Q67W-XMJV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:13 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:13A remote arbitrary command execution vulnerability was discovered in Aruba SD-WAN Software and Gateways; Aruba Operating System Software version(s): Prior to 8.6.0.4-2.2.0.6; Prior to 8.7.1.4, 8.6.0.7, 8.5.0.12, 8.3.0.16. Aruba has released patches for Aruba SD-WAN Software and Gateways and ArubaOS that address this security vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-37718"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-09-07T13:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A remote arbitrary command execution vulnerability was discovered in Aruba SD-WAN Software and Gateways; Aruba Operating System Software version(s): Prior to 8.6.0.4-2.2.0.6; Prior to 8.7.1.4, 8.6.0.7, 8.5.0.12, 8.3.0.16. Aruba has released patches for Aruba SD-WAN Software and Gateways and ArubaOS that address this security vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-734x-q67w-xmjv",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:13:14Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:13:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-37718"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-280624.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.arubanetworks.com/assets/alert/ARUBA-PSA-2021-016.txt"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.