CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5839 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-2QFM-RJ23-QXQJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-13 00:30 – Updated: 2023-01-20 09:30The webserver in Delta DX-3021 versions prior to 1.24 is vulnerable to command injection through the network diagnosis page. This vulnerability could allow a remote unauthenticated user to add files, delete files, and change file permissions.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-4616"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-01-13T00:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The webserver in Delta DX-3021 versions prior to 1.24 is vulnerable to command injection through the network diagnosis page. This vulnerability could allow a remote unauthenticated user to add files, delete files, and change file permissions.",
"id": "GHSA-2qfm-rj23-qxqj",
"modified": "2023-01-20T09:30:30Z",
"published": "2023-01-13T00:30:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-4616"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://downloadcenter.deltaww.com/en-US/DownloadCenter?v=1\u0026CID=06\u0026itemID=060308\u0026downloadID=DX\u0026dataType=12\u0026sort_expr=cdate\u0026sort_dir=DESC"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ics/advisories/icsa-22-354-05"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2QG2-967Q-RC49
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:16 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:43Accellion File Transfer Appliance before FTA_9_11_210 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via shell metacharacters in the oauth_token parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-2857"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-08-22T15:29:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Accellion File Transfer Appliance before FTA_9_11_210 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via shell metacharacters in the oauth_token parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-2qg2-967q-rc49",
"modified": "2025-04-20T03:43:44Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:16:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-2857"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://community.rapid7.com/community/metasploit/blog/2015/07/10/r7-2015-08-accellion-file-transfer-appliance-vulnerabilities-cve-2015-2856-cve-2015-2857"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/37597"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/132665/Accellion-FTA-getStatus-verify_oauth_token-Command-Execution.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/exploit/linux/http/accellion_fta_getstatus_oauth"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2QG3-PX2C-M64G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-12 21:31 – Updated: 2025-05-13 18:30An arbitrary file upload vulnerability in the Image Gallery of ThingsBoard Community, ThingsBoard Cloud and ThingsBoard Professional v3.8.1 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via uploading a crafted file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-55466"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-12T19:15:48Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An arbitrary file upload vulnerability in the Image Gallery of ThingsBoard Community, ThingsBoard Cloud and ThingsBoard Professional v3.8.1 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via uploading a crafted file.",
"id": "GHSA-2qg3-px2c-m64g",
"modified": "2025-05-13T18:30:51Z",
"published": "2025-05-12T21:31:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-55466"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cybsecsid/ThingsBoard-IoT-Platform-CVE-2024-55466"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/thingsboard/thingsboard/releases/tag/v3.8.1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2QJ5-GWG2-XWC4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-18 22:42 – Updated: 2026-02-20 16:46Overview
OpenClaw embedded the current working directory (workspace path) into the agent system prompt without sanitization. If an attacker can cause OpenClaw to run inside a directory whose name contains control/format characters (for example newlines or Unicode bidi/zero-width markers), those characters could break the prompt structure and inject attacker-controlled instructions.
Impact
Prompt injection may alter agent behavior and could lead to unintended tool use or disclosure of sensitive information.
Affected Packages / Versions
- Package:
openclaw(npm) - Vulnerable versions:
< 2026.2.15(latest published vulnerable version as of 2026-02-16:2026.2.14) - Patched versions:
>= 2026.2.15
Fix
The workspace path is now sanitized before it is embedded into any LLM prompt output, stripping Unicode control/format characters and explicit line/paragraph separators. Workspace path resolution also applies the same sanitization as defense-in-depth.
Fix Commit(s)
6254e96acf16e70ceccc8f9b2abecee44d606f79
Thanks @aether-ai-agent for reporting.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "openclaw"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2026.2.15"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-27001"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-02-18T22:42:29Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-20T00:16:16Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "## Overview\nOpenClaw embedded the current working directory (workspace path) into the agent system prompt without sanitization. If an attacker can cause OpenClaw to run inside a directory whose name contains control/format characters (for example newlines or Unicode bidi/zero-width markers), those characters could break the prompt structure and inject attacker-controlled instructions.\n\n## Impact\nPrompt injection may alter agent behavior and could lead to unintended tool use or disclosure of sensitive information.\n\n## Affected Packages / Versions\n- Package: `openclaw` (npm)\n- Vulnerable versions: `\u003c 2026.2.15` (latest published vulnerable version as of 2026-02-16: `2026.2.14`)\n- Patched versions: `\u003e= 2026.2.15`\n\n## Fix\nThe workspace path is now sanitized before it is embedded into any LLM prompt output, stripping Unicode control/format characters and explicit line/paragraph separators. Workspace path resolution also applies the same sanitization as defense-in-depth.\n\n## Fix Commit(s)\n- `6254e96acf16e70ceccc8f9b2abecee44d606f79`\n\nThanks @aether-ai-agent for reporting.",
"id": "GHSA-2qj5-gwg2-xwc4",
"modified": "2026-02-20T16:46:56Z",
"published": "2026-02-18T22:42:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-2qj5-gwg2-xwc4"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-27001"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/6254e96acf16e70ceccc8f9b2abecee44d606f79"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/releases/tag/v2026.2.15"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "OpenClaw: Unsanitized CWD path injection into LLM prompts"
}
GHSA-2R4H-9R32-83XJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:15 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:15There is a command injection vulnerability in CMA service module of FusionCompute 6.3.0, 6.3.1, 6.5.0 and 8.0.0 when processing the default certificate file. The software constructs part of a command using external special input from users, but the software does not sufficiently validate the user input. Successful exploit could allow the attacker to inject certain commands to the system.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-37106"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-09-28T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "There is a command injection vulnerability in CMA service module of FusionCompute 6.3.0, 6.3.1, 6.5.0 and 8.0.0 when processing the default certificate file. The software constructs part of a command using external special input from users, but the software does not sufficiently validate the user input. Successful exploit could allow the attacker to inject certain commands to the system.",
"id": "GHSA-2r4h-9r32-83xj",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:15:58Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:15:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-37106"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.huawei.com/en/psirt/security-advisories/huawei-sa-20210922-01-commandinjection-en"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2R6Q-6C8C-G762
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-08-25 20:58 – Updated: 2021-08-18 20:21An issue was discovered in the toolshed crate through 2020-11-15 for Rust. In CopyCell, the Send trait lacks bounds on the contained type.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "crates.io",
"name": "toolshed"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "0.8.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-36456"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-08-18T20:20:49Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-08-08T06:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in the toolshed crate through 2020-11-15 for Rust. In CopyCell\u003cT\u003e, the Send trait lacks bounds on the contained type.",
"id": "GHSA-2r6q-6c8c-g762",
"modified": "2021-08-18T20:21:02Z",
"published": "2021-08-25T20:58:03Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-36456"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ratel-rust/toolshed/issues/12"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/ratel-rust/toolshed"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://rustsec.org/advisories/RUSTSEC-2020-0136.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Data races in toolshed"
}
GHSA-2R72-J89F-5C3V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-01 18:30 – Updated: 2026-09-01 18:30Dell PowerStore contains a Command Injection vulnerability. An authenticated user with limited privileges could potentially exploit this vulnerability to execute arbitrary commands with root privileges.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-79682"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-01T16:17:19Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Dell PowerStore contains a Command Injection vulnerability. An authenticated user with limited privileges could potentially exploit this vulnerability to execute arbitrary commands with root privileges.",
"id": "GHSA-2r72-j89f-5c3v",
"modified": "2026-09-01T18:30:43Z",
"published": "2026-09-01T18:30:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-79682"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/000497829/dsa-2026-330-dell-powerstore-t-security-update-for-multiple-vulnerabilities"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2R84-4R4V-6V58
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-27 21:31 – Updated: 2026-04-27 21:31A security flaw has been discovered in Totolink A8000RU 7.1cu.643_b20200521. The impacted element is the function setMiniuiHomeInfoShow of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi of the component CGI Handler. Performing a manipulation of the argument sys_info results in os command injection. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-7153"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-27T20:16:29Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A security flaw has been discovered in Totolink A8000RU 7.1cu.643_b20200521. The impacted element is the function setMiniuiHomeInfoShow of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi of the component CGI Handler. Performing a manipulation of the argument sys_info results in os command injection. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks.",
"id": "GHSA-2r84-4r4v-6v58",
"modified": "2026-04-27T21:31:03Z",
"published": "2026-04-27T21:31:03Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-7153"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Litengzheng/vuldb_new2/blob/main/A8000RU/vul_317/README.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/801139"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/359752"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/359752/cti"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.totolink.net"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-2RCM-3XMW-QH3M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-31 15:34 – Updated: 2026-08-31 15:34A vulnerability was found in D-Link DNS-340L and DNS-345 up to 20260717. This affects an unknown part of the file /cgi-bin/iscsi_mgr.cgi. Performing a manipulation of the argument alias/username/password/volume_location results in os command injection. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been made public and could be used.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-82692"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-08-31T13:18:29Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in D-Link DNS-340L and DNS-345 up to 20260717. This affects an unknown part of the file /cgi-bin/iscsi_mgr.cgi. Performing a manipulation of the argument alias/username/password/volume_location results in os command injection. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been made public and could be used.",
"id": "GHSA-2rcm-3xmw-qh3m",
"modified": "2026-08-31T15:34:44Z",
"published": "2026-08-31T15:34:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-82692"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/dxz0069/WAVLINK-WN530H4-Command-Injection-in-set_add_routing/blob/main/DLINK-CMD-006-vulndb.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-82692"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/894211"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/397180"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/397180/cti"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dlink.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-2RFJ-VP7F-G45F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:04 – Updated: 2025-12-08 09:30Sharp NEC Displays (UN462A R1.300 and prior to it, UN462VA R1.300 and prior to it, UN492S R1.300 and prior to it, UN492VS R1.300 and prior to it, UN552A R1.300 and prior to it, UN552S R1.300 and prior to it, UN552VS R1.300 and prior to it, UN552 R1.300 and prior to it, UN552V R1.300 and prior to it, UX552S R1.300 and prior to it, UN552 R1.300 and prior to it, V864Q R2.000 and prior to it, C861Q R2.000 and prior to it, P754Q R2.000 and prior to it, V754Q R2.000 and prior to it, C751Q R2.000 and prior to it, V964Q R2.000 and prior to it, C961Q R2.000 and prior to it, P654Q R2.000 and prior to it, V654Q R2.000 and prior to it, C651Q R2.000 and prior to it, V554Q R2.000 and prior to it) allows an attacker a buffer overflow and to execute remote code by sending long parameters that contains specific characters in http request.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-20699"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-06-07T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Sharp NEC Displays (UN462A R1.300 and prior to it, UN462VA R1.300 and prior to it, UN492S R1.300 and prior to it, UN492VS R1.300 and prior to it, UN552A R1.300 and prior to it, UN552S R1.300 and prior to it, UN552VS R1.300 and prior to it, UN552 R1.300 and prior to it, UN552V R1.300 and prior to it, UX552S R1.300 and prior to it, UN552 R1.300 and prior to it, V864Q R2.000 and prior to it, C861Q R2.000 and prior to it, P754Q R2.000 and prior to it, V754Q R2.000 and prior to it, C751Q R2.000 and prior to it, V964Q R2.000 and prior to it, C961Q R2.000 and prior to it, P654Q R2.000 and prior to it, V654Q R2.000 and prior to it, C651Q R2.000 and prior to it, V554Q R2.000 and prior to it) allows an attacker a buffer overflow and to execute remote code by sending long parameters that contains specific characters in http request.",
"id": "GHSA-2rfj-vp7f-g45f",
"modified": "2025-12-08T09:30:17Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:04:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-20699"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sharp-displays.jp.sharp/global/support/info/A5-1_vulnerability.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sharp-nec-displays.com/global/support/info/A5-1_vulnerability.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN42866574/index.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.