Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2562 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-88881 (GCVE-0-2026-88881)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-10 13:05 – Updated: 2026-09-29 22:10
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Renovate before 44.11.3 Credential Exfiltration via Link Header
Summary
Renovate, a dependency update tool, follows pagination links supplied by the GitHub server in the HTTP `Link` header when interacting with GitHub.com, GitHub Enterprise Cloud, or GitHub Enterprise Server, and sends the credentials configured for that host to the URL given as the 'next' page. Because the pagination URL is not validated against the host originally contacted, a malicious or compromised GitHub server can return a `Link` header pointing to an attacker-controlled host and cause Renovate to disclose those credentials to it. Exploitation requires that the GitHub server Renovate talks to (as the repository host or as a datasource such as github-releases, github-tags, or git-refs) is already malicious or compromised. The issue is fixed in renovate 44.11.3 (npm and renovate/renovate container images), Mend Renovate CE/EE images and the mend-renovate-ce helm chart 15.4.0, and the mend-renovate-enterprise-edition helm chart 10.4.0. There is no workaround; the pre-existing RENOVATE_X_REBASE_PAGINATION_LINKS option disables the new host check and should only be used with servers that intentionally use different pagination hosts.
Severity
8.6 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-15 14:23 UTC
CWE
- CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/renovatebot/renovate/security/… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/renovate-bef… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
6 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| renovatebot | renovate |
Affected:
0 , < 44.11.3
(semver)
Unaffected: 44.11.3 (semver) |
|
| mend | renovate-ce |
Affected:
0 , < 15.4.0
(semver)
Unaffected: 15.4.0 (semver) |
|
| mend | renovate-ee-server |
Affected:
0 , < 15.4.0
(semver)
Unaffected: 15.4.0 (semver) |
|
| mend | renovate-ee-worker |
Affected:
0 , < 15.4.0
(semver)
Unaffected: 15.4.0 (semver) |
|
| mend | mend-renovate-ce |
Affected:
0 , < 15.4.0
(semver)
Unaffected: 15.4.0 (semver) |
|
| mend | mend-renovate-enterprise-edition |
Affected:
0 , < 10.4.0
(semver)
Unaffected: 10.4.0 (semver) |
Date Public
2026-08-27 00:00
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CVE-2026-88880 (GCVE-0-2026-88880)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-10 13:05 – Updated: 2026-09-29 22:10
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Renovate before 44.11.3 Credential Exfiltration via Link Header
Summary
Renovate before 44.11.3 fails to validate Link header destinations when following GitLab server pagination, allowing malicious servers to redirect credential-bearing requests. Attackers controlling a compromised GitLab server can specify a Link header pointing to attacker-controlled infrastructure to exfiltrate authentication credentials.
Severity
8.6 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-18 17:11 UTC
CWE
- CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/renovatebot/renovate/security/… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/renovate-bef… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
6 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| renovatebot | renovate |
Affected:
0 , < 44.11.3
(semver)
Unaffected: 44.11.3 (semver) |
|
| mend | renovate-ce |
Affected:
0 , < 15.4.0
(semver)
Unaffected: 15.4.0 (semver) |
|
| mend | renovate-ee-server |
Affected:
0 , < 15.4.0
(semver)
Unaffected: 15.4.0 (semver) |
|
| mend | renovate-ee-worker |
Affected:
0 , < 15.4.0
(semver)
Unaffected: 15.4.0 (semver) |
|
| mend | mend-renovate-ce |
Affected:
0 , < 15.4.0
(semver)
Unaffected: 15.4.0 (semver) |
|
| mend | mend-renovate-enterprise-edition |
Affected:
0 , < 10.4.0
(semver)
Unaffected: 10.4.0 (semver) |
Date Public
2026-08-27 00:00
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CVE-2026-86756 (GCVE-0-2026-86756)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-09 13:32 – Updated: 2026-09-09 14:22
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Snipe-IT 8.5.0 through 8.6.3 Open Redirect via SAML RelayState
Summary
Snipe-IT 8.5.0 through 8.6.3 contains an open redirect vulnerability in its SAML assertion-consumer endpoint (SamlController::acs, POST /saml/acs). The endpoint wrote the RelayState POST parameter directly into Laravel's url.intended session key with only CR/LF characters stripped, and LoginController later issued redirect()->intended(), which passes an absolute URL through to the Location header unchanged. An unauthenticated attacker who induces a user of a SAML-SSO-enabled instance to visit a crafted IdP-initiated SSO link can therefore cause the victim's browser to be redirected to an arbitrary absolute external URL immediately after a successful authentication, which the advisory notes facilitates credential-harvesting phishing. No account on the target instance and no compromise of the identity provider are required. Only deployments with SAML SSO enabled are affected. Fixed in 8.7.0 (commit d30b73d, PR #19386), which validates RelayState via a new Helper::sameOriginUrl check before storing it.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-09 14:22 UTC
CWE
- CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/grokability/snipe-it/security/… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/snipe-it-8.5… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| grokability | snipe-it |
Affected:
8.5.0 , ≤ 8.7.2
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:snipeitapp:snipe-it:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2026-08-24 00:00
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CVE-2026-86351 (GCVE-0-2026-86351)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-07 09:59 – Updated: 2026-09-08 14:49
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MISP User Homepage Validation Allows Authenticated Open Redirect via Protocol-Relative URL
Summary
Affected versions of MISP validate the user-configurable homepage by checking only whether the supplied path begins with /. That check is insufficient because protocol-relative URLs such as //attacker.example also begin with / but resolve to an external origin in browsers.
The vulnerable homepage value can be stored as a user setting and later used by the post-login routing logic. The commit explicitly identifies //attacker.example as a payload that passed validation and was emitted to the Location header after login.
The fix introduces a shared InternalRedirectValidator that rejects URLs containing a host, scheme, userinfo, unsafe leading // or /\, malformed URLs, and control characters. It also revalidates homepage settings on read so legacy or internally written unsafe values cannot bypass the new storage-time validation.
Version affected: ≤2.5.45
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-08 14:49 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/bd454f65a | patch |
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CVE-2026-86256 (GCVE-0-2026-86256)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-06 12:00 – Updated: 2026-09-09 13:59
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
wger before 2.6 Open Redirect via trainer-login next parameter
Summary
wger before 2.6 (affected versions <= 2.5.0) contains an open redirect vulnerability in the trainer_login view (wger/core/views/user.py). After a trainer enters impersonation mode, the view redirects to the user-supplied 'next' GET parameter via HttpResponseRedirect() without validating it with url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme(). An attacker who delivers a crafted link to an authenticated trainer can redirect the trainer's browser to an attacker-controlled domain, enabling phishing and leaking the wger URL structure (including the impersonated user's user_pk) via the Referer header.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-09 13:59 UTC
CWE
- CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/wger-project/wger/security/adv… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/wger-before-… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| wger-project | wger |
Affected:
0 , < 2.6
(custom)
Unaffected: 2.6 (custom) cpe:2.3:a:wger:wger:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2026-04-28 00:00
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CVE-2026-86205 (GCVE-0-2026-86205)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-06 12:00 – Updated: 2026-09-08 13:28
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
h3 before 2.0.1-rc.18 Open Redirect via redirectBack()
Summary
h3 versions before 2.0.1-rc.18 contain an open redirect vulnerability in the redirectBack() utility that fails to sanitize protocol-relative paths in the Referer header pathname. Attackers can craft a same-origin URL with a double-slash path segment that passes origin validation but produces a Location header interpreted by browsers as a protocol-relative redirect to an external domain.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-08 13:28 UTC
CWE
- CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/h3js/h3/security/advisories/GH… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/h3-before-2.… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-03-21 00:00
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CVE-2026-85676 (GCVE-0-2026-85676)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-04 14:32 – Updated: 2026-09-14 19:33
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Dub Open Redirect via Unrestricted redir_url Parameter
Summary
Dub contains an open redirect vulnerability in the redir_url query parameter that is accepted on every short link without validation or domain allowlist enforcement. Attackers can append the redir_url parameter to any short link to redirect visitors to arbitrary external URLs through the trusted Dub domain, bypassing destination blacklists and potentially enabling phishing attacks with link cloaking enabled.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-14 19:20 UTC
CWE
- CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/dubinc/dub/issues/4337 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/dubinc/dub | product |
| https://github.com/dubinc/dub/blob/73415cf5e6be13… | technical-description |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/dub-open-red… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-08-16 00:00
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CVE-2026-84389 (GCVE-0-2026-84389)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-08 16:41 – Updated: 2026-09-10 03:56
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A url redirection to untrusted site ('open redirect') vulnerability in Fortinet FortiSIEM 7.5.0 through 7.5.1, FortiSIEM 7.4.1 through 7.4.2 may allow attacker to execute unauthorized code or commands via <insert attack vector here>
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-09 00:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-601 - Execute unauthorized code or commands
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fortinet | FortiSIEM |
Affected:
7.5.0 , ≤ 7.5.1
(semver)
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CVE-2026-83589 (GCVE-0-2026-83589)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-01 09:17 – Updated: 2026-10-01 16:11
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Oauth-proxy: open redirect via /\ and /\t bypass in post-login redirect
Summary
A flaw was found in oauth-proxy. The application fails to properly validate the destination redirect parameter (`rd`) during post-login redirection. A remote attacker can exploit this vulnerability by enticing a user to follow a specially crafted link, resulting in the user being redirected to an arbitrary external website after authenticating. This open redirect can be leveraged to conduct phishing attacks or credential theft.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-01 16:11 UTC
CWE
- CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-83589 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2518379 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4 |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4
|
Date Public
2026-08-31 20:00
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CVE-2026-82731 (GCVE-0-2026-82731)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-01 02:09 – Updated: 2026-09-01 15:13
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Unescaped path parameters in AshTypescript generated TypeScript client allow request redirection
Summary
URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in ash-project ash_typescript allows an attacker who controls a path-parameter value to redirect a generated client's request, and the credentials attached to it, to an unintended route or an external origin.
The URL builders in lib/ash_typescript/typed_controller/codegen/route_renderer.ex replace each :param placeholder with a bare template interpolation and never call encodeURIComponent, so the value reaches executeTypedControllerRequest raw. A value containing ../ is normalised away by the fetch URL resolver and reaches a different route, while ? or # truncates the path and can smuggle or override query parameters. For a route whose path begins with a parameter, a value such as /evil.example.com/x yields the protocol-relative URL //evil.example.com/x, sending the request and the credentials from TypedControllerConfig to an attacker-controlled host. Nothing constrains the value at runtime: get_path_param_type/2 emits only a TypeScript type, which is erased.
The query-string path is unaffected, since URLSearchParams.set encodes its own values.
This issue affects ash_typescript: from 0.15.0 before 0.18.0.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-01 15:13 UTC
CWE
- CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/ash-project/ash_typescript/sec… | relatedvendor-advisory |
| https://cna.erlef.org/cves/CVE-2026-82731.html | related |
| https://osv.dev/vulnerability/EEF-CVE-2026-82731 | related |
| https://github.com/ash-project/ash_typescript/com… | patch |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ash-project | ash_typescript |
Affected:
0.15.0 , < 0.18.0
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:ash-project:ash_typescript:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| ash-project | ash_typescript |
Affected:
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(git)
cpe:2.3:a:ash-project:ash_typescript:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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],
"negate": false,
"operator": "OR"
}
],
"operator": "AND"
}
],
"credits": [
{
"lang": "en",
"type": "finder",
"value": "Peter Ullrich"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"type": "reporter",
"value": "Peter Ullrich"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"type": "remediation developer",
"value": "Torkild Gundersen Kjevik / Ash Project"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"type": "coordinator",
"value": "Jonatan M\u00e4nnchen / EEF"
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"supportingMedia": [
{
"base64": false,
"type": "text/html",
"value": "\u003cp\u003eURL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in ash-project ash_typescript allows an attacker who controls a path-parameter value to redirect a generated client\u0027s request, and the credentials attached to it, to an unintended route or an external origin.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe URL builders in \u003ccode\u003elib/ash_typescript/typed_controller/codegen/route_renderer.ex\u003c/code\u003e replace each \u003ccode\u003e:param\u003c/code\u003e placeholder with a bare template interpolation and never call \u003ccode\u003eencodeURIComponent\u003c/code\u003e, so the value reaches \u003ccode\u003eexecuteTypedControllerRequest\u003c/code\u003e raw. A value containing \u003ccode\u003e../\u003c/code\u003e is normalised away by the fetch URL resolver and reaches a different route, while \u003ccode\u003e?\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003e#\u003c/code\u003e truncates the path and can smuggle or override query parameters. For a route whose path begins with a parameter, a value such as \u003ccode\u003e/evil.example.com/x\u003c/code\u003e yields the protocol-relative URL \u003ccode\u003e//evil.example.com/x\u003c/code\u003e, sending the request and the credentials from \u003ccode\u003eTypedControllerConfig\u003c/code\u003e to an attacker-controlled host. Nothing constrains the value at runtime: \u003ccode\u003eget_path_param_type/2\u003c/code\u003e emits only a TypeScript type, which is erased.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe query-string path is unaffected, since \u003ccode\u003eURLSearchParams.set\u003c/code\u003e encodes its own values.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis issue affects ash_typescript: from 0.15.0 before 0.18.0.\u003c/p\u003e"
},
{
"base64": false,
"type": "text/markdown",
"value": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in ash-project ash_typescript allows an attacker who controls a path-parameter value to redirect a generated client\u0027s request, and the credentials attached to it, to an unintended route or an external origin.\n\nThe URL builders in `lib/ash_typescript/typed_controller/codegen/route_renderer.ex` replace each `:param` placeholder with a bare template interpolation and never call `encodeURIComponent`, so the value reaches `executeTypedControllerRequest` raw. A value containing `../` is normalised away by the fetch URL resolver and reaches a different route, while `?` or `#` truncates the path and can smuggle or override query parameters. For a route whose path begins with a parameter, a value such as `/evil.example.com/x` yields the protocol-relative URL `//evil.example.com/x`, sending the request and the credentials from `TypedControllerConfig` to an attacker-controlled host. Nothing constrains the value at runtime: `get_path_param_type/2` emits only a TypeScript type, which is erased.\n\nThe query-string path is unaffected, since `URLSearchParams.set` encodes its own values.\n\nThis issue affects ash_typescript: from 0.15.0 before 0.18.0."
}
],
"value": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in ash-project ash_typescript allows an attacker who controls a path-parameter value to redirect a generated client\u0027s request, and the credentials attached to it, to an unintended route or an external origin.\n\nThe URL builders in lib/ash_typescript/typed_controller/codegen/route_renderer.ex replace each :param placeholder with a bare template interpolation and never call encodeURIComponent, so the value reaches executeTypedControllerRequest raw. A value containing ../ is normalised away by the fetch URL resolver and reaches a different route, while ? or # truncates the path and can smuggle or override query parameters. For a route whose path begins with a parameter, a value such as /evil.example.com/x yields the protocol-relative URL //evil.example.com/x, sending the request and the credentials from TypedControllerConfig to an attacker-controlled host. Nothing constrains the value at runtime: get_path_param_type/2 emits only a TypeScript type, which is erased.\n\nThe query-string path is unaffected, since URLSearchParams.set encodes its own values.\n\nThis issue affects ash_typescript: from 0.15.0 before 0.18.0."
}
],
"impacts": [
{
"capecId": "CAPEC-72",
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "CAPEC-72 URL Encoding"
}
]
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV4_0": {
"Automatable": "NOT_DEFINED",
"Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
"Safety": "NOT_DEFINED",
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackRequirements": "PRESENT",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"baseScore": 2.3,
"baseSeverity": "LOW",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
"subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
"subConfidentialityImpact": "LOW",
"subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
"userInteraction": "PASSIVE",
"valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
"vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:L/SI:N/SA:N",
"version": "4.0",
"vulnAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
"vulnConfidentialityImpact": "LOW",
"vulnIntegrityImpact": "LOW",
"vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"
},
"format": "CVSS",
"scenarios": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "GENERAL"
}
]
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-601",
"description": "CWE-601 URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027)",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-09-01T02:09:38.801Z",
"orgId": "6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db",
"shortName": "EEF"
},
"references": [
{
"tags": [
"related",
"vendor-advisory"
],
"url": "https://github.com/ash-project/ash_typescript/security/advisories/GHSA-6g23-p936-fm2f"
},
{
"tags": [
"related"
],
"url": "https://cna.erlef.org/cves/CVE-2026-82731.html"
},
{
"tags": [
"related"
],
"url": "https://osv.dev/vulnerability/EEF-CVE-2026-82731"
},
{
"tags": [
"patch"
],
"url": "https://github.com/ash-project/ash_typescript/commit/5165f752f5f92b755d946f2d1ce750ff69083ffc"
}
],
"source": {
"discovery": "EXTERNAL"
},
"title": "Unescaped path parameters in AshTypescript generated TypeScript client allow request redirection"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db",
"assignerShortName": "EEF",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-82731",
"datePublished": "2026-09-01T02:09:38.801Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-08-31T00:59:08.960Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-09-01T15:13:54.605Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Architecture and Design
Implementation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Operation
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.