CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2583 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-5V4W-HX2F-VXQM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-28 03:30 – Updated: 2025-03-28 03:30Dell Unity, version(s) 5.4 and prior, contain(s) an URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability. An unauthenticated attacker with remote access could potentially exploit this vulnerability, leading to a targeted application user being redirected to arbitrary web URLs. The vulnerability could be leveraged by attackers to conduct phishing attacks that cause users to divulge sensitive information. Exploitation may allow for session theft.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-24381"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-28T03:15:18Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Dell Unity, version(s) 5.4 and prior, contain(s) an URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability. An unauthenticated attacker with remote access could potentially exploit this vulnerability, leading to a targeted application user being redirected to arbitrary web URLs. The vulnerability could be leveraged by attackers to conduct phishing attacks that cause users to divulge sensitive information. Exploitation may allow for session theft.",
"id": "GHSA-5v4w-hx2f-vxqm",
"modified": "2025-03-28T03:30:25Z",
"published": "2025-03-28T03:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-24381"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/000300090/dsa-2025-116-security-update-for-dell-unity-dell-unityvsa-and-dell-unity-xt-security-update-for-multiple-vulnerabilities"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5VHJ-65C8-9R9J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-17 00:31 – Updated: 2024-12-17 15:31A URL redirection vulnerability exists in UJCMS 9.6.3 due to improper validation of URLs in the upload and rendering of new block / carousel items. This vulnerability allows authenticated attackers to redirect unprivileged users to an arbitrary, attacker-controlled webpage. When an authenticated user clicks on the malicious block item, they are redirected to the arbitrary untrusted domains, where sensitive tokens, such as JSON Web Tokens, can be stolen via a crafted webpage.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-55452"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-16T23:15:06Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A URL redirection vulnerability exists in UJCMS 9.6.3 due to improper validation of URLs in the upload and rendering of new block / carousel items. This vulnerability allows authenticated attackers to redirect unprivileged users to an arbitrary, attacker-controlled webpage. When an authenticated user clicks on the malicious block item, they are redirected to the arbitrary untrusted domains, where sensitive tokens, such as JSON Web Tokens, can be stolen via a crafted webpage.",
"id": "GHSA-5vhj-65c8-9r9j",
"modified": "2024-12-17T15:31:43Z",
"published": "2024-12-17T00:31:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-55452"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cydtseng/Vulnerability-Research/blob/main/ujcms/OpenRedirect-BlockItemUpload.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/dromara/ujcms"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5VJ6-WJR7-5V9F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-27 14:19 – Updated: 2025-06-27 14:19Impact
This is an Open Redirect (CWE-601) vulnerability in the login flow of n8n. Authenticated users can be redirected to untrusted, attacker-controlled domains after logging in, by crafting malicious URLs with a misleading redirect query parameter.
This may lead to:
- Phishing attacks by impersonating the n8n UI on lookalike domains (e.g., n8n.local.evil.com)
- Credential or 2FA theft if users are tricked into re-entering sensitive information
- Reputation risk due to the visual similarity between attacker-controlled domains and trusted ones
The vulnerability affects anyone hosting n8n and exposing the /signin endpoint to users.
Patches
The issue has been patched in 1.98.0. All users should upgrade to this version or later.
The fix introduces strict origin validation for redirect URLs, ensuring only same-origin or relative paths are allowed after login.
Patch commit: https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/pull/16034
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 1.97.0"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "n8n"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.98.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-49592"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-06-27T14:19:01Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-06-26T20:15:29Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nThis is an Open Redirect (CWE-601) vulnerability in the login flow of n8n. Authenticated users can be redirected to untrusted, attacker-controlled domains after logging in, by crafting malicious URLs with a misleading redirect query parameter.\n\nThis may lead to:\n\n- Phishing attacks by impersonating the n8n UI on lookalike domains (e.g., n8n.local.evil.com)\n- Credential or 2FA theft if users are tricked into re-entering sensitive information\n- Reputation risk due to the visual similarity between attacker-controlled domains and trusted ones\n\nThe vulnerability affects anyone hosting n8n and exposing the `/signin` endpoint to users.\n\n### Patches\n\nThe issue has been patched in [1.98.0](https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/releases/tag/n8n%401.98.0).\nAll users should upgrade to this version or later.\n\nThe fix introduces strict origin validation for redirect URLs, ensuring only same-origin or relative paths are allowed after login.\n\nPatch commit: https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/pull/16034",
"id": "GHSA-5vj6-wjr7-5v9f",
"modified": "2025-06-27T14:19:02Z",
"published": "2025-06-27T14:19:01Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/security/advisories/GHSA-5vj6-wjr7-5v9f"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-49592"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/pull/16034"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/commit/4865d1e360a0fe7b045e295b5e1a29daad12314e"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/releases/tag/n8n%401.98.0"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "n8n allows open redirects via the /signin endpoint"
}
GHSA-5VRM-8J75-QXMF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-08-22 21:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 07:07There is an open redirect vulnerability in Titan FTP server 19.0 and below. Users are redirected to any target URL.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-44215"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-08-22T19:16:29Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "There is an open redirect vulnerability in Titan FTP server 19.0 and below. Users are redirected to any target URL.",
"id": "GHSA-5vrm-8j75-qxmf",
"modified": "2024-04-04T07:07:30Z",
"published": "2023-08-22T21:30:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-44215"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://drive.google.com/file/d/1oLJaqs5RRNQLT1Hyy-tgEzzhGLB0506J/view?usp=sharing"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/JBalanza/CVE-2022-44215"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5VX9-XQHH-F79W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-05 06:30 – Updated: 2025-04-24 15:30Open redirect vulnerability in SHIRASAGI v1.14.4 to v1.15.0 allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to redirect users to an arbitrary web site and conduct a phishing attack.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-43479"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-05T04:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in SHIRASAGI v1.14.4 to v1.15.0 allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to redirect users to an arbitrary web site and conduct a phishing attack.",
"id": "GHSA-5vx9-xqhh-f79w",
"modified": "2025-04-24T15:30:38Z",
"published": "2022-12-05T06:30:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-43479"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/shirasagi/shirasagi"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN86350682/index.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ss-proj.org"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ss-proj.org/support/928.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5W5R-GPCR-X5PW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-19 15:32 – Updated: 2026-08-19 15:32Joomla Extension - yootheme.com - Open redirect in CommentController::twitterAuthenticate() in Zoo < 4.1.64 - The referer request parameter is passed straight to setRedirect() with no validation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-75114"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-08-19T14:17:40Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Joomla Extension - yootheme.com - Open redirect in CommentController::twitterAuthenticate() in Zoo \u003c 4.1.64 - The referer request parameter is passed straight to setRedirect() with no validation.",
"id": "GHSA-5w5r-gpcr-x5pw",
"modified": "2026-08-19T15:32:27Z",
"published": "2026-08-19T15:32:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-75114"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.yootheme.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-5W8R-JRM9-XV2P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-22 18:30 – Updated: 2023-03-22 18:30Experience Manager versions 6.5.15.0 (and earlier) are affected by a URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability. A low-privilege authenticated attacker could leverage this vulnerability to redirect users to malicious websites. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-22261"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-03-22T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "Experience Manager versions 6.5.15.0 (and earlier) are affected by a URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability. A low-privilege authenticated attacker could leverage this vulnerability to redirect users to malicious websites. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction.",
"id": "GHSA-5w8r-jrm9-xv2p",
"modified": "2023-03-22T18:30:38Z",
"published": "2023-03-22T18:30:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-22261"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/experience-manager/apsb23-18.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5WRH-4JWV-5W78
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-04-13 15:13 – Updated: 2024-09-30 20:28Impact
Requests to user provided domains were not restricted to external IP addresses when transitional IPv6 addresses were used. Outbound requests to federation, identity servers, when calculating the key validity for third-party invite events, sending push notifications, and generating URL previews are affected. This could cause Synapse to make requests to internal infrastructure on dual-stack networks.
Patches
This issue is fixed by #9240.
Workarounds
Outbound requests to the following address ranges can be blocked by a firewall, if unused for internal communication between systems:
::ffff/80::0000/80(note that this IP range is considered deprecated by the IETF)2002::/16(note that this IP range is considered deprecated by the IETF)
References
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "matrix-synapse"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.28.0rc1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-21392"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-04-12T21:51:49Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-04-12T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\nRequests to user provided domains were not restricted to external IP addresses when transitional IPv6 addresses were used. Outbound requests to federation, identity servers, when calculating the key validity for third-party invite events, sending push notifications, and generating URL previews are affected. This could cause Synapse to make requests to internal infrastructure on dual-stack networks.\n\n### Patches\nThis issue is fixed by #9240.\n\n### Workarounds\nOutbound requests to the following address ranges can be blocked by a firewall, if unused for internal communication between systems:\n\n* `::ffff/80`\n* `::0000/80` (note that this IP range is considered deprecated by the IETF)\n* `2002::/16` (note that this IP range is considered deprecated by the IETF)\n\n### References\n* [RFC3056](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3056)\n* [RFC4291](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4291)",
"id": "GHSA-5wrh-4jwv-5w78",
"modified": "2024-09-30T20:28:18Z",
"published": "2021-04-13T15:13:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/security/advisories/GHSA-5wrh-4jwv-5w78"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-21392"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/pull/9240"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/commit/4ca054a4eaa714d0befb4fc30b19a1131e52c9cc"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/matrix-synapse/PYSEC-2021-25.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/TNNAJOZNMVMXM6AS7RFFKB4QLUJ4IFEY"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pypi.org/project/matrix-synapse"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Open redirect via transitional IPv6 addresses on dual-stack networks"
}
GHSA-5WV4-GXJ7-WPQW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-29 00:01 – Updated: 2022-04-09 00:01** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** A vulnerability was found in Netegrity SiteMinder up to 4.5.1 and classified as critical. Affected by this issue is the file /siteminderagent/pwcgi/smpwservicescgi.exe of the component Login. The manipulation of the argument target leads to an open redirect. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2005-10001"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-03-28T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** A vulnerability was found in Netegrity SiteMinder up to 4.5.1 and classified as critical. Affected by this issue is the file /siteminderagent/pwcgi/smpwservicescgi.exe of the component Login. The manipulation of the argument target leads to an open redirect. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.",
"id": "GHSA-5wv4-gxj7-wpqw",
"modified": "2022-04-09T00:01:01Z",
"published": "2022-03-29T00:01:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2005-10001"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.1022"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5WVV-Q5FV-2388
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-30 16:57 – Updated: 2022-12-30 16:57When hyper-staticfile performs a redirect for a directory request (e.g. a request for /dir that redirects to /dir/), the Location header value was derived from user input (the request path), simply appending a slash. The intent was to perform an origin-relative redirect, but specific inputs allowed performing a scheme-relative redirect instead.
An attacker could craft a special URL that would appear to be for the correct domain, but immediately redirects to a malicious domain. Such a URL can benefit phishing attacks, for example an innocent looking link in an email.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "crates.io",
"name": "hyper-staticfile"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.9.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "crates.io",
"name": "hyper-staticfile"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.10.0-alpha.1"
},
{
"fixed": "0.10.0-alpha.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-12-30T16:57:28Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "When `hyper-staticfile` performs a redirect for a directory request (e.g. a request for `/dir` that redirects to `/dir/`), the `Location` header value was derived from user input (the request path), simply appending a slash. The intent was to perform an origin-relative redirect, but specific inputs allowed performing a scheme-relative redirect instead.\n\nAn attacker could craft a special URL that would appear to be for the correct domain, but immediately redirects to a malicious domain. Such a URL can benefit phishing attacks, for example an innocent looking link in an email.\n",
"id": "GHSA-5wvv-q5fv-2388",
"modified": "2022-12-30T16:57:28Z",
"published": "2022-12-30T16:57:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/stephank/hyper-staticfile/commit/4db4afb811c553bc3d54a01a9985b9e6dfc5a115"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/stephank/hyper-staticfile/commit/f12cadc6666c6f555d29725f5bc45da2103f24ea"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/stephank/hyper-staticfile"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://rustsec.org/advisories/RUSTSEC-2022-0072.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [],
"summary": "hyper-staticfile\u0027s location header incorporates user input, allowing open redirect"
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.