Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-59

Allowed

Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

The product attempts to access a file based on the filename, but it does not properly prevent that filename from identifying a link or shortcut that resolves to an unintended resource.

2336 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-F943-XHH7-7C5G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-14 09:31 – Updated: 2026-08-12 18:31
VLAI
Details

An Improper link resolution before file access ('link following') vulnerability in the File Shredder module as used in Bitdefender Total Security and Internet Security on Windows allows a less-privileged local user to elevate rights by leveraging a race conditions via Symbolic Links.

This issue affects Total Security: before 27.0.58.315; Internet Security: before 27.0.58.315.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-6851"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-59"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-07-14T08:16:24Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "An Improper link resolution before file access (\u0027link following\u0027) vulnerability in the File Shredder module as used in Bitdefender Total Security and Internet Security on Windows allows a less-privileged local user to elevate rights by leveraging a race conditions via Symbolic Links.\n\nThis issue affects Total Security: before 27.0.58.315; Internet Security: before 27.0.58.315.",
  "id": "GHSA-f943-xhh7-7c5g",
  "modified": "2026-08-12T18:31:01Z",
  "published": "2026-07-14T09:31:42Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-6851"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.bitdefender.com/support/security-advisories/improper-link-resolution-before-file-access-via-link-following-va-13681"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F95J-CWMR-FQW7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-13 15:34 – Updated: 2026-08-13 15:34
VLAI
Details

An improper link following vulnerability was reported in the VantageCoreAddin for Lenovo Vantage and Lenovo Commercial Vantage that could allow a local authenticated user to perform an arbitrary file deletion with elevated privileges.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-12036"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-59"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-08-13T15:19:28Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An improper link following vulnerability was reported in the VantageCoreAddin for Lenovo Vantage and Lenovo Commercial Vantage that could allow a local authenticated user to perform an arbitrary file deletion with elevated privileges.",
  "id": "GHSA-f95j-cwmr-fqw7",
  "modified": "2026-08-13T15:34:41Z",
  "published": "2026-08-13T15:34:41Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-12036"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.lenovo.com/us/en/product_security/LEN-223723"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F98H-4X3R-HGHQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-17 00:31 – Updated: 2024-05-17 00:31
VLAI
Details

Azure Monitor Agent Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-30060"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-59"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-05-16T23:15:49Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Azure Monitor Agent Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability",
  "id": "GHSA-f98h-4x3r-hghq",
  "modified": "2024-05-17T00:31:00Z",
  "published": "2024-05-17T00:31:00Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-30060"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2024-30060"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F9M7-VC86-P6JJ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-19 21:15 – Updated: 2026-06-19 21:15
VLAI
Summary
go.qbee.io/transport: Symlink-chain path traversal in tar extraction (one level outside destination)
Details

Impact

The go.qbee.io/transport library is affected by a symlink-chain path traversal vulnerability in its extractTar routine. The library's path validation is strictly lexical and fails to account for on-disk symlinks created earlier in the extraction process. Consequently, a crafted tar archive can be used to write or overwrite files one directory level above the intended extraction path. In the case of qbee-agent, which runs with root privileges, this vulnerability permits a root-privileged file write outside the intended destination.

Patches

The issue has been addressed in version v1.26.25

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "go.qbee.io/transport"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.26.25"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-55828"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-22",
      "CWE-59"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-19T21:15:31Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n\nThe go.qbee.io/transport library is affected by a symlink-chain path traversal vulnerability in its extractTar routine. The library\u0027s path validation is strictly lexical and fails to account for on-disk symlinks created earlier in the extraction process. Consequently, a crafted tar archive can be used to write or overwrite files one directory level above the intended extraction path. In the case of qbee-agent, which runs with root privileges, this vulnerability permits a root-privileged file write outside the intended destination.\n\n### Patches\n\nThe issue has been addressed in version v1.26.25",
  "id": "GHSA-f9m7-vc86-p6jj",
  "modified": "2026-06-19T21:15:31Z",
  "published": "2026-06-19T21:15:31Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/qbee-io/transport/security/advisories/GHSA-f9m7-vc86-p6jj"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/qbee-io/transport"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "go.qbee.io/transport: Symlink-chain path traversal in tar extraction (one level outside destination)"
}

GHSA-F9X4-3X96-W2VF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:13 – Updated: 2025-04-12 13:07
VLAI
Details

mysqld_safe in Oracle MySQL through 5.5.51, 5.6.x through 5.6.32, and 5.7.x through 5.7.14; MariaDB; Percona Server before 5.5.51-38.2, 5.6.x before 5.6.32-78-1, and 5.7.x before 5.7.14-8; and Percona XtraDB Cluster before 5.5.41-37.0, 5.6.x before 5.6.32-25.17, and 5.7.x before 5.7.14-26.17, when using file-based logging, allows local users with access to the mysql account to gain root privileges via a symlink attack on error logs and possibly other files.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2016-6664"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-59"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2016-12-13T21:59:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "mysqld_safe in Oracle MySQL through 5.5.51, 5.6.x through 5.6.32, and 5.7.x through 5.7.14; MariaDB; Percona Server before 5.5.51-38.2, 5.6.x before 5.6.32-78-1, and 5.7.x before 5.7.14-8; and Percona XtraDB Cluster before 5.5.41-37.0, 5.6.x before 5.6.32-25.17, and 5.7.x before 5.7.14-26.17, when using file-based logging, allows local users with access to the mysql account to gain root privileges via a symlink attack on error logs and possibly other files.",
  "id": "GHSA-f9x4-3x96-w2vf",
  "modified": "2025-04-12T13:07:19Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:13:46Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-6664"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2017:2192"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:0279"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:0574"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/201702-18"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/40679"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.percona.com/blog/2016/11/02/percona-responds-to-cve-2016-6663-and-cve-2016-6664"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://legalhackers.com/advisories/MySQL-Maria-Percona-RootPrivEsc-CVE-2016-6664-5617-Exploit.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/139491/MySQL-MariaDB-PerconaDB-Root-Privilege-Escalation.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2016-2130.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2016-2749.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2016/Nov/4"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.debian.org/security/2017/dsa-3770"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpuoct2016-2881722.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/539695/100/0/threaded"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/93612"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-FC8W-PPFG-5247

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:05 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:05
VLAI
Details

It was discovered that read_file() in apport/hookutils.py would follow symbolic links or open FIFOs. When this function is used by the openjdk-lts package apport hooks, it could expose private data to other local users.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-32547"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-59"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-06-12T04:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "It was discovered that read_file() in apport/hookutils.py would follow symbolic links or open FIFOs. When this function is used by the openjdk-lts package apport hooks, it could expose private data to other local users.",
  "id": "GHSA-fc8w-ppfg-5247",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T19:05:16Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:05:16Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-32547"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/apport/+bug/1917904"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-FC9P-2X28-25PW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 05:49 – Updated: 2022-05-17 05:49
VLAI
Details

GNU gv before 3.7.0 allows local users to overwrite arbitrary files via a symlink attack on a temporary file.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2010-2056"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-59"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2010-07-22T05:43:00Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "GNU gv before 3.7.0 allows local users to overwrite arbitrary files via a symlink attack on a temporary file.",
  "id": "GHSA-fc9p-2x28-25pw",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T05:49:39Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T05:49:39Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2010-2056"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=599621"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.fedoraproject.org/pipermail/package-announce/2010-July/043913.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.fedoraproject.org/pipermail/package-announce/2010-July/043948.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://savannah.gnu.org/forum/forum.php?forum_id=6368"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/40475"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/40532"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.osvdb.org/66249"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2010/1757"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-FC9X-CC67-2CJ6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-03 03:30 – Updated: 2024-05-03 03:30
VLAI
Details

VIPRE Antivirus Plus FPQuarTransfer Link Following Local Privilege Escalation Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows local attackers to escalate privileges on affected installations of VIPRE Antivirus Plus. An attacker must first obtain the ability to execute low-privileged code on the target system in order to exploit this vulnerability.

The specific flaw exists within the FPQuarTransfer method. By creating a symbolic link, an attacker can abuse the method to delete arbitrary files. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to escalate privileges and execute arbitrary code in the context of SYSTEM. Was ZDI-CAN-19397.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-32179"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-59"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-05-03T02:15:24Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "VIPRE Antivirus Plus FPQuarTransfer Link Following Local Privilege Escalation Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows local attackers to escalate privileges on affected installations of VIPRE Antivirus Plus. An attacker must first obtain the ability to execute low-privileged code on the target system in order to exploit this vulnerability.\n\nThe specific flaw exists within the FPQuarTransfer method. By creating a symbolic link, an attacker can abuse the method to delete arbitrary files. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to escalate privileges and execute arbitrary code in the context of SYSTEM. Was ZDI-CAN-19397.",
  "id": "GHSA-fc9x-cc67-2cj6",
  "modified": "2024-05-03T03:30:51Z",
  "published": "2024-05-03T03:30:51Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-32179"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://success.vipre.com/en_US/antivirus-plus-release-notes/home-plus-release-notes-20230530"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-23-759"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-FCFM-93GV-WH6F

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-26 13:30 – Updated: 2026-05-27 21:31
VLAI
Details

Archive::Tar versions before 3.08 for Perl extract hardlinks to attacker controlled paths outside the extraction directory.

_make_special_file() passes the tar header's linkname to link() without validating it against absolute paths or .. segments, creating a hardlink that shares the victim file's inode.

A subsequent write through the extracted name modifies the victim file, and the post-extraction chmod, chown, and utime block in _extract_file() (guarded only against symlinks via -l) applies the tar header's mode, owner, and timestamps to the shared inode during extraction alone.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-42497"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-59"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-26T02:16:40Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Archive::Tar versions before 3.08 for Perl extract hardlinks to attacker controlled paths outside the extraction directory.\n\n_make_special_file() passes the tar header\u0027s linkname to link() without validating it against absolute paths or .. segments, creating a hardlink that shares the victim file\u0027s inode.\n\nA subsequent write through the extracted name modifies the victim file, and the post-extraction chmod, chown, and utime block in _extract_file() (guarded only against symlinks via -l) applies the tar header\u0027s mode, owner, and timestamps to the shared inode during extraction alone.",
  "id": "GHSA-fcfm-93gv-wh6f",
  "modified": "2026-05-27T21:31:19Z",
  "published": "2026-05-26T13:30:53Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-42497"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/jib/archive-tar-new/commit/17c873492a05eddc0de18c1485e0b2cccd5a9158.patch"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://metacpan.org/release/BINGOS/Archive-Tar-3.08/changes"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-42496"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-FFHX-2RRF-9C23

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-12 09:30 – Updated: 2024-11-12 18:30
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability was found in GNU Nano that allows a possible privilege escalation through an insecure temporary file. If Nano is killed while editing, a file it saves to an emergency file with the permissions of the running user provides a window of opportunity for attackers to escalate privileges through a malicious symlink.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-5742"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-377",
      "CWE-59"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-06-12T09:15:23Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability was found in GNU Nano that allows a possible privilege escalation through an insecure temporary file. If Nano is killed while editing, a file it saves to an emergency file with the permissions of the running user provides a window of opportunity for attackers to escalate privileges through a malicious symlink.",
  "id": "GHSA-ffhx-2rrf-9c23",
  "modified": "2024-11-12T18:30:50Z",
  "published": "2024-06-12T09:30:48Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-5742"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:6986"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:9430"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2024-5742"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2278574"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/06/msg00006.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation MIT-48.1
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Separation of Privilege

  • Follow the principle of least privilege when assigning access rights to entities in a software system.
  • Denying access to a file can prevent an attacker from replacing that file with a link to a sensitive file. Ensure good compartmentalization in the system to provide protected areas that can be trusted.
CAPEC-132: Symlink Attack

An adversary positions a symbolic link in such a manner that the targeted user or application accesses the link's endpoint, assuming that it is accessing a file with the link's name.

CAPEC-17: Using Malicious Files

An attack of this type exploits a system's configuration that allows an adversary to either directly access an executable file, for example through shell access; or in a possible worst case allows an adversary to upload a file and then execute it. Web servers, ftp servers, and message oriented middleware systems which have many integration points are particularly vulnerable, because both the programmers and the administrators must be in synch regarding the interfaces and the correct privileges for each interface.

CAPEC-35: Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files

An attack of this type exploits a system's trust in configuration and resource files. When the executable loads the resource (such as an image file or configuration file) the attacker has modified the file to either execute malicious code directly or manipulate the target process (e.g. application server) to execute based on the malicious configuration parameters. Since systems are increasingly interrelated mashing up resources from local and remote sources the possibility of this attack occurring is high.

CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls

An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.