Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-407
Allowed-with-ReviewInefficient Algorithmic Complexity
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
An algorithm in a product has an inefficient worst-case computational complexity that may be detrimental to system performance and can be triggered by an attacker, typically using crafted manipulations that ensure that the worst case is being reached.
379 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2020-27223 (GCVE-0-2020-27223)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2021-02-26 21:55 – Updated: 2025-08-20 10:03
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
In Eclipse Jetty 9.4.6.v20170531 to 9.4.36.v20210114 (inclusive), 10.0.0, and 11.0.0 when Jetty handles a request containing multiple Accept headers with a large number of “quality” (i.e. q) parameters, the server may enter a denial of service (DoS) state due to high CPU usage processing those quality values, resulting in minutes of CPU time exhausted processing those quality values.
Severity
5.2 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-407 - Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity
Assigner
References
67 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Eclipse Foundation | Eclipse Jetty |
Affected:
9.4.6.v20170531 , < unspecified
(custom)
Affected: unspecified , ≤ 9.4.36.v20210114 (custom) Affected: 10.0.0 Affected: 11.0.0 |
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"name": "[zookeeper-notifications] 20210309 [GitHub] [zookeeper] ztzg closed pull request #1624: ZOOKEEPER-4233: dependency-check:check failing - Jetty 9.4.35.v20201120 - CVE-2020-27223",
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"name": "[spark-issues] 20210315 [jira] [Assigned] (SPARK-34752) Upgrade Jetty to 9.4.37 to fix CVE-2020-27223",
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"name": "[zookeeper-notifications] 20210308 [GitHub] [zookeeper] arshadmohammad commented on pull request #1624: ZOOKEEPER-4233: dependency-check:check failing - Jetty 9.4.35.v20201120 - CVE-2020-27223",
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"name": "[spark-reviews] 20210315 [GitHub] [spark] HyukjinKwon commented on pull request #31846: [SPARK-34752][BUILD] Bump Jetty to 9.4.37 to address CVE-2020-27223",
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"datePublished": "2021-02-26T21:55:13.000Z",
"dateReserved": "2020-10-19T00:00:00.000Z",
"dateUpdated": "2025-08-20T10:03:37.386Z",
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}
CVE-2020-3548 (GCVE-0-2020-3548)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-11-18 15:53 – Updated: 2024-11-18 16:32
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Cisco Email Security Appliance Denial Of Service Vulnerability
Summary
A vulnerability in the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol implementation of Cisco AsyncOS software for Cisco Email Security Appliance (ESA) could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to cause high CPU usage on an affected device, resulting in a denial of service (DoS) condition.
The vulnerability is due to inefficient processing of incoming TLS traffic. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a series of crafted TLS packets to an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to trigger a prolonged state of high CPU utilization. The affected device would still be operative, but response time and overall performance may be degraded.There are no workarounds that address this vulnerability.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-11-18 16:30 UTC
CWE
- CWE-407 - Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cisco | Cisco Secure Email |
Affected:
N/A
|
|
| cisco | secure_email |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 13.5.1-277
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:cisco:secure_email:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
{
"containers": {
"adp": [
{
"affected": [
{
"cpes": [
"cpe:2.3:a:cisco:secure_email:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
],
"defaultStatus": "unknown",
"product": "secure_email",
"vendor": "cisco",
"versions": [
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "13.5.1-277",
"status": "affected",
"version": "0",
"versionType": "custom"
}
]
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"other": {
"content": {
"id": "CVE-2020-3548",
"options": [
{
"Exploitation": "none"
},
{
"Automatable": "yes"
},
{
"Technical Impact": "partial"
}
],
"role": "CISA Coordinator",
"timestamp": "2024-11-18T16:30:29.514984Z",
"version": "2.0.3"
},
"type": "ssvc"
}
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2024-11-18T16:32:04.999Z",
"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"shortName": "CISA-ADP"
},
"title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"product": "Cisco Secure Email",
"vendor": "Cisco",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "N/A"
}
]
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "A vulnerability in the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol implementation of Cisco\u0026nbsp;AsyncOS software for Cisco\u0026nbsp;Email Security Appliance (ESA) could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to cause high CPU usage on an affected device, resulting in a denial of service (DoS) condition.\r\nThe vulnerability is due to inefficient processing of incoming TLS traffic. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a series of crafted TLS packets to an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to trigger a prolonged state of high CPU utilization. The affected device would still be operative, but response time and overall performance may be degraded.There are no workarounds that address this vulnerability."
}
],
"exploits": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "The Cisco Product Security Incident Response Team (PSIRT) is not aware of any public announcements or malicious use of the vulnerability that is described in this advisory."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "LOW",
"baseScore": 5.3,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"integrityImpact": "NONE",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L/RL:X/RC:X/E:X",
"version": "3.1"
},
"format": "cvssV3_1"
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-407",
"description": "Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity",
"lang": "en",
"type": "cwe"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2024-11-18T15:53:40.744Z",
"orgId": "d1c1063e-7a18-46af-9102-31f8928bc633",
"shortName": "cisco"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "cisco-sa-esa-tls-dos-xW53TBhb",
"url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-esa-tls-dos-xW53TBhb"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "cisco-sa-esa-tls-dos-xW53TBhb",
"defects": [
"CSCvu35999"
],
"discovery": "INTERNAL"
},
"title": "Cisco Email Security Appliance Denial Of Service Vulnerability"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "d1c1063e-7a18-46af-9102-31f8928bc633",
"assignerShortName": "cisco",
"cveId": "CVE-2020-3548",
"datePublished": "2024-11-18T15:53:40.744Z",
"dateReserved": "2019-12-12T00:00:00.000Z",
"dateUpdated": "2024-11-18T16:32:04.999Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.1"
}
CVE-2019-19331 (GCVE-0-2019-19331)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2019-12-16 00:00 – Updated: 2024-08-05 02:16
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
knot-resolver before version 4.3.0 is vulnerable to denial of service through high CPU utilization. DNS replies with very many resource records might be processed very inefficiently, in extreme cases taking even several CPU seconds for each such uncached message. For example, a few thousand A records can be squashed into one DNS message (limit is 64kB).
Severity
7.5 (High)
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CZ.NIC | knot-resolver |
Affected:
4.3.0
|
{
"containers": {
"adp": [
{
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2024-08-05T02:16:46.880Z",
"orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
"shortName": "CVE"
},
"references": [
{
"tags": [
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2019-19331"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://www.knot-resolver.cz/2019-12-04-knot-resolver-4.3.0.html"
},
{
"name": "[debian-lts-announce] 20240426 [SECURITY] [DLA 3795-1] knot-resolver security update",
"tags": [
"mailing-list",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/04/msg00017.html"
}
],
"title": "CVE Program Container"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"product": "knot-resolver",
"vendor": "CZ.NIC",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "4.3.0"
}
]
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "knot-resolver before version 4.3.0 is vulnerable to denial of service through high CPU utilization. DNS replies with very many resource records might be processed very inefficiently, in extreme cases taking even several CPU seconds for each such uncached message. For example, a few thousand A records can be squashed into one DNS message (limit is 64kB)."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_0": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"baseScore": 7.5,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"integrityImpact": "NONE",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"version": "3.0"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-407",
"description": "CWE-407",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2024-04-26T07:06:04.638Z",
"orgId": "53f830b8-0a3f-465b-8143-3b8a9948e749",
"shortName": "redhat"
},
"references": [
{
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2019-19331"
},
{
"url": "https://www.knot-resolver.cz/2019-12-04-knot-resolver-4.3.0.html"
},
{
"name": "[debian-lts-announce] 20240426 [SECURITY] [DLA 3795-1] knot-resolver security update",
"tags": [
"mailing-list"
],
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/04/msg00017.html"
}
]
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "53f830b8-0a3f-465b-8143-3b8a9948e749",
"assignerShortName": "redhat",
"cveId": "CVE-2019-19331",
"datePublished": "2019-12-16T00:00:00.000Z",
"dateReserved": "2019-11-27T00:00:00.000Z",
"dateUpdated": "2024-08-05T02:16:46.880Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.1"
}
GHSA-22XX-XG3V-M8G7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-02 21:32 – Updated: 2026-07-02 21:32
VLAI
Details
Pathway through 0.31.1, fixed in commit d09722e, document store applies a caller-supplied glob pattern to indexed document paths using a hand-written recursive matcher that branches two ways on each ** token without memoization, giving exponential worst-case complexity. The filepath_globpattern value is taken from the body of the unauthenticated HTTP endpoints /v1/retrieve, /v1/inputs and /v2/answer and compiled into a filter evaluated once per indexed document, with no length or **-count limit. A remote unauthenticated attacker can submit a short pattern containing many ** tokens to consume CPU for tens of seconds per request, and a small number of requests denies service.
Severity
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-59094"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-407"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-02T20:17:07Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Pathway through 0.31.1, fixed in commit d09722e, document store applies a caller-supplied glob pattern to indexed document paths using a hand-written recursive matcher that branches two ways on each ** token without memoization, giving exponential worst-case complexity. The filepath_globpattern value is taken from the body of the unauthenticated HTTP endpoints /v1/retrieve, /v1/inputs and /v2/answer and compiled into a filter evaluated once per indexed document, with no length or **-count limit. A remote unauthenticated attacker can submit a short pattern containing many ** tokens to consume CPU for tens of seconds per request, and a small number of requests denies service.",
"id": "GHSA-22xx-xg3v-m8g7",
"modified": "2026-07-02T21:32:14Z",
"published": "2026-07-02T21:32:13Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-59094"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pathwaycom/pathway/issues/241"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pathwaycom/pathway/pull/250"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pathwaycom/pathway/commit/d09722eef03fd94bba701836eb4c7fbfa3d3b88e"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/pathway-unauthenticated-denial-of-service-via-exponential-glob-pattern-matching-in-document-store"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-253C-MCHW-3W2R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-29 17:57 – Updated: 2026-09-29 17:57
VLAI
Summary
markdown-it linkify: true has two quadratic paths, so a few hundred KB of markdown blocks the event loop for tens of seconds
Details
Summary
Two independent quadratic paths in the linkify: true handling. Both are in markdown-it's own code rather than in linkify-it, which stays linear on both payloads.
src/rules_core/linkify.ts calls arrayReplaceAt once per linkified text token, and that rebuilds the whole children array each time. A paragraph of N soft-broken lines is one inline token with about 2N children, so you get N rebuilds over a 2N array. Schema-less emails are what reach it. A http:// link gets consumed by the inline rule first and never arrives as a text token, so those stay linear.
src/rules_inline/linkify.ts runs state.pending.match(SCHEME_RE) at every :// in the source. state.pending only gets truncated once a link is actually produced, so an unregistered scheme leaves it growing and every :// rescans the lot.
Proof of concept
Clean install of 15.0.0 from npm, new MarkdownIt({ linkify: true }).render(payload), Node 24.
| N | 5,000 | 10,000 | 20,000 | 40,000 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
'a@b.co\n'.repeat(N), 34KB to 273KB |
1.1s | 4.7s | 19.6s | 89s |
'a://'.repeat(N), 20KB to 156KB |
0.25s | 0.76s | 3.1s | 15.0s |
Doubling the input roughly quadruples the time in both. With linkify: false the same inputs run in 25 to 131ms and stay flat.
Controls for the first one, all at N=20000: putting every email in a single text token ('a@b.co ') takes 0.59s, one email per paragraph ('a@b.co\n\n') takes 0.64s, and soft-broken lines with nothing linkifiable take 42ms. So it needs many children AND many of them linkifying. For the second, replaying just the SCHEME_RE calls against the same growing prefixes with no markdown-it involved accounts for 11.7s of the 15s.
Ordinary prose does it too. 'ping a@b.co ok\n'.repeat(20000) is 293KB and takes 31s.
Caveat
linkify is off by default, so this only reaches apps that turn it on.
Impact
Availability only. A few hundred KB of fairly ordinary markdown pins one core for tens of seconds, and because it's quadratic it degrades quickly with size. Nothing is read, written or executed.
Severity
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "markdown-it"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "15.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "15.0.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
],
"versions": [
"15.0.0"
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "markdown-it"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "14.3.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-400",
"CWE-407"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-09-29T17:57:56Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "## Summary\n\nTwo independent quadratic paths in the `linkify: true` handling. Both are in markdown-it\u0027s own code rather than in linkify-it, which stays linear on both payloads.\n\n`src/rules_core/linkify.ts` calls `arrayReplaceAt` once per linkified text token, and that rebuilds the whole `children` array each time. A paragraph of N soft-broken lines is one inline token with about 2N children, so you get N rebuilds over a 2N array. Schema-less emails are what reach it. A `http://` link gets consumed by the inline rule first and never arrives as a text token, so those stay linear.\n\n`src/rules_inline/linkify.ts` runs `state.pending.match(SCHEME_RE)` at every `://` in the source. `state.pending` only gets truncated once a link is actually produced, so an unregistered scheme leaves it growing and every `://` rescans the lot.\n\n## Proof of concept\n\nClean install of 15.0.0 from npm, `new MarkdownIt({ linkify: true }).render(payload)`, Node 24.\n\n| N | 5,000 | 10,000 | 20,000 | 40,000 |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| `\u0027a@b.co\\n\u0027.repeat(N)`, 34KB to 273KB | 1.1s | 4.7s | 19.6s | 89s |\n| `\u0027a://\u0027.repeat(N)`, 20KB to 156KB | 0.25s | 0.76s | 3.1s | 15.0s |\n\nDoubling the input roughly quadruples the time in both. With `linkify: false` the same inputs run in 25 to 131ms and stay flat.\n\nControls for the first one, all at N=20000: putting every email in a single text token (`\u0027a@b.co \u0027`) takes 0.59s, one email per paragraph (`\u0027a@b.co\\n\\n\u0027`) takes 0.64s, and soft-broken lines with nothing linkifiable take 42ms. So it needs many children AND many of them linkifying. For the second, replaying just the `SCHEME_RE` calls against the same growing prefixes with no markdown-it involved accounts for 11.7s of the 15s.\n\nOrdinary prose does it too. `\u0027ping a@b.co ok\\n\u0027.repeat(20000)` is 293KB and takes 31s.\n\n## Caveat\n\n`linkify` is off by default, so this only reaches apps that turn it on.\n\n## Impact\n\nAvailability only. A few hundred KB of fairly ordinary markdown pins one core for tens of seconds, and because it\u0027s quadratic it degrades quickly with size. Nothing is read, written or executed.",
"id": "GHSA-253c-mchw-3w2r",
"modified": "2026-09-29T17:57:56Z",
"published": "2026-09-29T17:57:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/markdown-it/markdown-it/security/advisories/GHSA-253c-mchw-3w2r"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/markdown-it/markdown-it/commit/09fa07118dda4c953f058848f53dae88395618ca"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/markdown-it/markdown-it/commit/aaadcfa6d817b3c5f89afb49d97c7b797a6dd4fd"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/markdown-it/markdown-it/commit/ad70f6b7cff64bee10e42a774147112480ca0d49"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/markdown-it/markdown-it"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "markdown-it linkify: true has two quadratic paths, so a few hundred KB of markdown blocks the event loop for tens of seconds"
}
GHSA-25MV-J2QR-V5JQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-14 00:32 – Updated: 2026-08-14 18:31
VLAI
Details
Previously, resolving relative paths containing parent directory ('..') segments performed string conversions and buffer rewrites on each step, resulting in quadratic time complexity and high memory allocation overhead. Now, path resolution operates on a byte buffer using index-based backtracking for '..' segments, eliminating the quadratic time complexity and significantly reducing memory allocations.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-56860"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-407"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-08-13T22:17:22Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Previously, resolving relative paths containing parent directory (\u0027..\u0027) segments performed string conversions and buffer rewrites on each step, resulting in quadratic time complexity and high memory allocation overhead. Now, path resolution operates on a byte buffer using index-based backtracking for \u0027..\u0027 segments, eliminating the quadratic time complexity and significantly reducing memory allocations.",
"id": "GHSA-25mv-j2qr-v5jq",
"modified": "2026-08-14T18:31:34Z",
"published": "2026-08-14T00:32:00Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-56860"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://go.dev/cl/803681"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://go.dev/issue/80494"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://groups.google.com/g/golang-announce/c/94pEornpRlI"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pkg.go.dev/vuln/GO-2026-6218"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2883-XCG3-V3HH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-08 21:24 – Updated: 2026-09-08 21:24
VLAI
Summary
js-yaml: maxTotalMergeKeys does not limit CPU use for empty merge sources
Details
Summary
maxTotalMergeKeys does not count empty mappings. An attacker can repeatedly merge a large sequence of them and consume significant CPU without reaching the configured limit.
Example
arr: &arr [{}, {}, {}, ...] # N empty mappings
targets:
- <<: *arr # repeated K times
For every target, the loader iterates all N elements of arr. This results in O(N * K) work while totalMergeKeys remains unchanged.
PoC
import { performance } from 'node:perf_hooks'
import { load, YAML11_SCHEMA } from 'js-yaml'
const n = 20000
const src =
'arr: &arr [' + '{},'.repeat(n).slice(0, -1) + ']\n' +
'targets:\n' +
' - <<: *arr\n'.repeat(n)
const started = performance.now()
load(src, { schema: YAML11_SCHEMA })
console.log(`${(performance.now() - started).toFixed(1)} ms`)
Observed results:
| N | YAML size | Time |
|---|---|---|
| 800 | ~13 KB | ~20 ms |
| 3200 | ~50 KB | ~180 ms |
| 20000 | ~500 KB | ~13 s |
Impact
An attacker can submit a relatively small YAML document that causes prolonged CPU consumption despite the default maxTotalMergeKeys limit.
Fix
Count each merge-source mapping as one budget unit, in addition to counting its keys.
Difference with v5
In v3 & v4, merge is enabled by default. So, the severity score is higher.
Severity
7.5 (High)
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "js-yaml"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.3.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "js-yaml"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.15.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-84375"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-400",
"CWE-407"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-09-08T21:24:51Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-01T22:17:19Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "## Summary\n\n`maxTotalMergeKeys` does not count empty mappings. An attacker can repeatedly merge a large sequence of them and consume significant CPU without reaching the configured limit.\n\n## Example\n\n```yaml\narr: \u0026arr [{}, {}, {}, ...] # N empty mappings\ntargets:\n - \u003c\u003c: *arr # repeated K times\n```\n\nFor every target, the loader iterates all `N` elements of `arr`. This results in `O(N * K)` work while `totalMergeKeys` remains unchanged.\n\n## PoC\n\n```js\nimport { performance } from \u0027node:perf_hooks\u0027\nimport { load, YAML11_SCHEMA } from \u0027js-yaml\u0027\n\nconst n = 20000\n\nconst src =\n \u0027arr: \u0026arr [\u0027 + \u0027{},\u0027.repeat(n).slice(0, -1) + \u0027]\\n\u0027 +\n \u0027targets:\\n\u0027 +\n \u0027 - \u003c\u003c: *arr\\n\u0027.repeat(n)\n\nconst started = performance.now()\n\nload(src, { schema: YAML11_SCHEMA })\n\nconsole.log(`${(performance.now() - started).toFixed(1)} ms`)\n```\n\nObserved results:\n\n| N | YAML size | Time |\n|---:|---:|---:|\n| 800 | ~13 KB | ~20 ms |\n| 3200 | ~50 KB | ~180 ms |\n| 20000 | ~500 KB | ~13 s |\n\n## Impact\n\nAn attacker can submit a relatively small YAML document that causes prolonged CPU consumption despite the default `maxTotalMergeKeys` limit.\n\n## Fix\n\nCount each merge-source mapping as one budget unit, in addition to counting its keys.\n\n## Difference with v5\n\nIn v3 \u0026 v4, merge is enabled by default. So, the severity score is higher.",
"id": "GHSA-2883-xcg3-v3hh",
"modified": "2026-09-08T21:24:51Z",
"published": "2026-09-08T21:24:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/nodeca/js-yaml/security/advisories/GHSA-2883-xcg3-v3hh"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-84375"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/nodeca/js-yaml/pull/797"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/nodeca/js-yaml/commit/3485bc06ff8a0251505f44a00414d90df2466639"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/nodeca/js-yaml/commit/6a8e05f9a485188ed730ac81e81ae221352ef480"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/nodeca/js-yaml/commit/d90b6612a5a84385bdcb556c44578eac76dc0f6b"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/nodeca/js-yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/nodeca/js-yaml/releases/tag/3.15.2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/nodeca/js-yaml/releases/tag/4.3.2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "js-yaml: maxTotalMergeKeys does not limit CPU use for empty merge sources"
}
GHSA-2CMP-7FM4-4V9W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-07 15:33 – Updated: 2026-09-07 15:33
VLAI
Details
commonmark versions from 1.5.0 before 2.8.4 contain a denial of service vulnerability in the Footnote extension that fails to deduplicate footnote definitions. Attackers can craft documents with duplicate footnote definitions and references to create quadratic output expansion, consuming excessive memory and CPU to exhaust server resources.
Severity
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-86435"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-407"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-07T13:20:43Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "commonmark versions from 1.5.0 before 2.8.4 contain a denial of service vulnerability in the Footnote extension that fails to deduplicate footnote definitions. Attackers can craft documents with duplicate footnote definitions and references to create quadratic output expansion, consuming excessive memory and CPU to exhaust server resources.",
"id": "GHSA-2cmp-7fm4-4v9w",
"modified": "2026-09-07T15:33:53Z",
"published": "2026-09-07T15:33:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/thephpleague/commonmark/security/advisories/GHSA-jfm3-95jq-q3rf"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-86435"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/commonmark-1.5.0-before-2.8.4-denial-of-service-via-footnote"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-2JHC-HF67-8VGX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-25 18:31 – Updated: 2026-03-25 18:31
VLAI
Details
GitLab has remediated an issue in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions from 18.5 before 18.8.7, 18.9 before 18.9.3, and 18.10 before 18.10.1 that could have allowed an unauthenticated user to cause a denial of service by making the GitLab instance unresponsive due to improper input validation in GraphQL request processing.
Severity
7.5 (High)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-3988"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-407"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-25T17:17:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "GitLab has remediated an issue in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions from 18.5 before 18.8.7, 18.9 before 18.9.3, and 18.10 before 18.10.1 that could have allowed an unauthenticated user to cause a denial of service by making the GitLab instance unresponsive due to improper input validation in GraphQL request processing.",
"id": "GHSA-2jhc-hf67-8vgx",
"modified": "2026-03-25T18:31:55Z",
"published": "2026-03-25T18:31:55Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-3988"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/3597342"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://about.gitlab.com/releases/2026/03/25/patch-release-gitlab-18-10-1-released"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/work_items/593140"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2MP6-9MJC-P6JG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-11-09 12:00 – Updated: 2025-11-04 00:30
VLAI
Details
An issue was discovered in Python before 3.11.1. An unnecessary quadratic algorithm exists in one path when processing some inputs to the IDNA (RFC 3490) decoder, such that a crafted, unreasonably long name being presented to the decoder could lead to a CPU denial of service. Hostnames are often supplied by remote servers that could be controlled by a malicious actor; in such a scenario, they could trigger excessive CPU consumption on the client attempting to make use of an attacker-supplied supposed hostname. For example, the attack payload could be placed in the Location header of an HTTP response with status code 302. A fix is planned in 3.11.1, 3.10.9, 3.9.16, 3.8.16, and 3.7.16.
Severity
7.5 (High)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-45061"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-400",
"CWE-407"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-11-09T07:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in Python before 3.11.1. An unnecessary quadratic algorithm exists in one path when processing some inputs to the IDNA (RFC 3490) decoder, such that a crafted, unreasonably long name being presented to the decoder could lead to a CPU denial of service. Hostnames are often supplied by remote servers that could be controlled by a malicious actor; in such a scenario, they could trigger excessive CPU consumption on the client attempting to make use of an attacker-supplied supposed hostname. For example, the attack payload could be placed in the Location header of an HTTP response with status code 302. A fix is planned in 3.11.1, 3.10.9, 3.9.16, 3.8.16, and 3.7.16.",
"id": "GHSA-2mp6-9mjc-p6jg",
"modified": "2025-11-04T00:30:34Z",
"published": "2022-11-09T12:00:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-45061"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/98433"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/O67LRHDTJWH544KXB6KY4HMHQLYDXFPK"
},
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},
{
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"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/KNE4GMD45RGC2HWUAAIGTDHT5VJ2E4O4"
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{
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{
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},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202305-02"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20221209-0007"
},
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{
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},
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}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
No mitigation information available for this CWE.
No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.