Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-367

Allowed

Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product checks the state of a resource before using that resource, but the resource's state can change between the check and the use in a way that invalidates the results of the check.

1314 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-34224 (GCVE-0-2026-34224)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-31 14:25 – Updated: 2026-04-02 15:16
VLAI
Title
Parse Server: MFA single-use token bypass via concurrent authData login requests
Summary
Parse Server is an open source backend that can be deployed to any infrastructure that can run Node.js. Prior to versions 8.6.64 and 9.7.0-alpha.8, an attacker who possesses a valid authentication provider token and a single MFA recovery code or SMS one-time password can create multiple authenticated sessions by sending concurrent login requests via the authData login endpoint. This defeats the single-use guarantee of MFA recovery codes and SMS one-time passwords, allowing session persistence even after the legitimate user revokes detected sessions. This issue has been patched in versions 8.6.64 and 9.7.0-alpha.8.
Severity
2.1 (Low)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
4.4 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-02 15:15 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-367 - Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
parse-community parse-server Affected: < 8.6.64
Affected: >= 9.0.0, < 9.7.0-alpha.8
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
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CVE-2026-33659 (GCVE-0-2026-33659)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-13 20:32 – Updated: 2026-04-14 13:52
VLAI
Title
EspoCRM: SSRF via DNS Rebinding in Attachment fromImageUrl Endpoint Allows Internal Network Access
Summary
EspoCRM is an open source customer relationship management application. In versions 9.3.3 and below, the POST /api/v1/Attachment/fromImageUrl endpoint is vulnerable to Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) via a DNS rebinding (TOCTOU) condition. Host validation uses dns_get_record() but the actual HTTP request resolves hostnames through curl's internal resolver (gethostbyname()), allowing the two lookups to return different IP addresses for the same hostname. A secondary issue exists where an empty DNS result (due to DNS failure, IPv6-only domains, or non-existent hostnames) causes the validation to implicitly allow the host without further checks. An authenticated attacker with default attachment creation access can exploit this gap to bypass internal IP restrictions and scan internal network ports, confirm the existence of internal hosts, and interact with internal HTTP-based services, though data extraction from binary protocol services and remote code execution are not possible through this endpoint. This issue has been fixed in version 9.3.4.
Severity
3.5 (Low)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-14 13:52 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-918 - Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)
  • CWE-367 - Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
espocrm espocrm Affected: < 9.3.4
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-33624 (GCVE-0-2026-33624)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-24 18:28 – Updated: 2026-03-25 14:28
VLAI
Title
Parse Server: MFA recovery code single-use bypass via concurrent requests
Summary
Parse Server is an open source backend that can be deployed to any infrastructure that can run Node.js. Prior to versions 8.6.60 and 9.6.0-alpha.54, an attacker who obtains a user's password and a single MFA recovery code can reuse that recovery code an unlimited number of times by sending concurrent login requests. This defeats the single-use design of recovery codes. The attack requires the user's password, a valid recovery code, and the ability to send concurrent requests within milliseconds. This issue has been patched in versions 8.6.60 and 9.6.0-alpha.54.
Severity
2.1 (Low)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-25 13:58 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-367 - Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
parse-community parse-server Affected: < 8.6.60
Affected: >= 9.0.0, < 9.6.0-alpha.54
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-33574 (GCVE-0-2026-33574)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-29 12:44 – Updated: 2026-06-23 16:15
VLAI
Title
OpenClaw < 2026.3.8 - Path Traversal via Tools Root Rebinding in Skills Download
Summary
OpenClaw before 2026.3.8 contains a path traversal vulnerability in the skills download installer that validates the tools root lexically but reuses the mutable path during archive download and copy operations. A local attacker can rebind the tools-root path between validation and final write to redirect the installer outside the intended tools directory.
Severity
5.8 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:H/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
6.2 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-30 14:28 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-367 - Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
OpenClaw OpenClaw Affected: 0 , < 2026.3.8 (semver)
Unaffected: 2026.3.8 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:openclaw:openclaw:*:*:*:*:*:node.js:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-03-11 00:00
Credits
tdjackey
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-32988 (GCVE-0-2026-32988)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-31 11:17 – Updated: 2026-06-23 16:15
VLAI
Title
OpenClaw < 2026.3.11 - Sandbox Boundary Bypass via Unvalidated Temporary File Creation
Summary
OpenClaw before 2026.3.11 contains a sandbox boundary bypass vulnerability in fs-bridge staged writes where temporary file creation and population are not pinned to a verified parent directory. Attackers can exploit a race condition in parent-path alias changes to write attacker-controlled bytes outside the intended validated path before the final guarded replace step executes.
Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-31 12:17 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-367 - Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
OpenClaw OpenClaw Affected: 0 , < 2026.3.11 (semver)
Unaffected: 2026.3.11 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:openclaw:openclaw:*:*:*:*:*:node.js:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-03-12 00:00
Credits
tdjackey
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-32979 (GCVE-0-2026-32979)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-29 12:44 – Updated: 2026-06-23 16:15
VLAI
Title
OpenClaw < 2026.3.11 - Unbound Interpreter and Runtime Commands Bypass in node-host Approval
Summary
OpenClaw before 2026.3.11 contains an approval integrity vulnerability allowing attackers to execute rewritten local code by modifying scripts between approval and execution when exact file binding cannot occur. Remote attackers can change approved local scripts before execution to achieve unintended code execution as the OpenClaw runtime user.
Severity
7.3 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-30 12:49 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-367 - Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
OpenClaw OpenClaw Affected: 0 , < 2026.3.11 (semver)
Unaffected: 2026.3.11 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:openclaw:openclaw:*:*:*:*:*:node.js:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-03-12 00:00
Credits
tdjackey
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-32977 (GCVE-0-2026-32977)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-31 11:17 – Updated: 2026-06-23 16:15
VLAI
Title
OpenClaw < 2026.3.11 - Sandbox Boundary Bypass via Unanchored writeFile Commit Path
Summary
OpenClaw before 2026.3.11 contains a sandbox boundary bypass vulnerability in the fs-bridge writeFile commit step that uses an unanchored container path during the final move operation. An attacker can exploit a time-of-check-time-of-use race condition by modifying parent paths inside the sandbox to redirect committed files outside the validated writable path within the container mount namespace.
Severity
6.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-31 13:28 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-367 - Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
OpenClaw OpenClaw Affected: 0 , < 2026.3.11 (semver)
Unaffected: 2026.3.11 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:openclaw:openclaw:*:*:*:*:*:node.js:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-03-12 00:00
Credits
Qi Deng (@qi-scape)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-32943 (GCVE-0-2026-32943)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-18 21:46 – Updated: 2026-03-19 15:49
VLAI
Title
Parse Server has a password reset token single-use bypass via concurrent requests
Summary
Parse Server is an open source backend that can be deployed to any infrastructure that can run Node.js. Prior to 9.6.0-alpha.28 and 8.6.48, the password reset mechanism does not enforce single-use guarantees for reset tokens. When a user requests a password reset, the generated token can be consumed by multiple concurrent requests within a short time window. An attacker who has intercepted a password reset token can race the legitimate user's password reset request, causing both requests to succeed. This may result in the legitimate user believing their password was changed successfully while the attacker's password takes effect instead. All Parse Server deployments that use the password reset feature are affected. Starting in versions 9.6.0-alpha.28 and 8.6.48, the password reset token is now atomically validated and consumed as part of the password update operation. The database query that updates the password includes the reset token as a condition, ensuring that only one concurrent request can successfully consume the token. Subsequent requests using the same token will fail because the token has already been cleared. There is no known workaround other than upgrading.
Severity
2.3 (Low)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-19 15:48 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-367 - Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
parse-community parse-server Affected: >= 9.0.0, < 9.6.0-alpha.28
Affected: < 8.6.48
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-32921 (GCVE-0-2026-32921)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-31 11:17 – Updated: 2026-06-23 16:15
VLAI
Title
OpenClaw < 2026.3.8 - Script Content Modification via Mutable Operand Binding in system.run
Summary
OpenClaw before 2026.3.8 contains an approval bypass vulnerability in system.run where mutable script operands are not bound across approval and execution phases. Attackers can obtain approval for script execution, modify the approved script file before execution, and execute different content while maintaining the same approved command shape.
Severity
6.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-31 12:25 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-367 - Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
OpenClaw OpenClaw Affected: 0 , < 2026.3.8 (semver)
Unaffected: 2026.3.8 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:openclaw:openclaw:*:*:*:*:*:node.js:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-03-10 00:00
Credits
tdjackey
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-32602 (GCVE-0-2026-32602)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-06 14:42 – Updated: 2026-04-06 15:41
VLAI
Title
Homarr has a Race Condition in Invite Token Registration (TOCTOU)
Summary
Homarr is an open-source dashboard. Prior to 1.57.0, the user registration endpoint (/api/trpc/user.register) is vulnerable to a race condition that allows an attacker to create multiple user accounts from a single-use invite token. The registration flow performs three sequential database operations without a transaction: CHECK, CREATE, and DELETE. Because these operations are not atomic, concurrent requests can all pass the validation step (1) before any of them reaches the deletion step (3). This allows multiple accounts to be registered using a single invite token that was intended to be single-use. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.57.0.
Severity
4.2 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-06 15:31 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-367 - Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
homarr-labs homarr Affected: < 1.57.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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Mitigation
Implementation

The most basic advice for TOCTOU vulnerabilities is to not perform a check before the use. This does not resolve the underlying issue of the execution of a function on a resource whose state and identity cannot be assured, but it does help to limit the false sense of security given by the check.

Mitigation
Implementation

When the file being altered is owned by the current user and group, set the effective gid and uid to that of the current user and group when executing this statement.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Limit the interleaving of operations on files from multiple processes.

Mitigation
Implementation Architecture and Design

If you cannot perform operations atomically and you must share access to the resource between multiple processes or threads, then try to limit the amount of time (CPU cycles) between the check and use of the resource. This will not fix the problem, but it could make it more difficult for an attack to succeed.

Mitigation
Implementation

Recheck the resource after the use call to verify that the action was taken appropriately.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that some environmental locking mechanism can be used to protect resources effectively.

Mitigation
Implementation

Ensure that locking occurs before the check, as opposed to afterwards, such that the resource, as checked, is the same as it is when in use.

CAPEC-27: Leveraging Race Conditions via Symbolic Links

This attack leverages the use of symbolic links (Symlinks) in order to write to sensitive files. An attacker can create a Symlink link to a target file not otherwise accessible to them. When the privileged program tries to create a temporary file with the same name as the Symlink link, it will actually write to the target file pointed to by the attackers' Symlink link. If the attacker can insert malicious content in the temporary file they will be writing to the sensitive file by using the Symlink. The race occurs because the system checks if the temporary file exists, then creates the file. The attacker would typically create the Symlink during the interval between the check and the creation of the temporary file.

CAPEC-29: Leveraging Time-of-Check and Time-of-Use (TOCTOU) Race Conditions

This attack targets a race condition occurring between the time of check (state) for a resource and the time of use of a resource. A typical example is file access. The adversary can leverage a file access race condition by "running the race", meaning that they would modify the resource between the first time the target program accesses the file and the time the target program uses the file. During that period of time, the adversary could replace or modify the file, causing the application to behave unexpectedly.

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