CWE-319
AllowedCleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product transmits sensitive or security-critical data in cleartext in a communication channel that can be sniffed by unauthorized actors.
1272 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-836W-96V8-44PM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-15 21:30 – Updated: 2025-12-19 00:31ReyeeOS 1.204.1614 contains an unencrypted CWMP communication vulnerability that allows attackers to intercept and manipulate device communication through a man-in-the-middle attack. Attackers can create a fake CWMP server to inject and execute arbitrary commands on Ruijie Reyee Cloud devices by exploiting the unprotected HTTP polling requests.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-53881"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-319"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-15T21:15:50Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "ReyeeOS 1.204.1614 contains an unencrypted CWMP communication vulnerability that allows attackers to intercept and manipulate device communication through a man-in-the-middle attack. Attackers can create a fake CWMP server to inject and execute arbitrary commands on Ruijie Reyee Cloud devices by exploiting the unprotected HTTP polling requests.",
"id": "GHSA-836w-96v8-44pm",
"modified": "2025-12-19T00:31:41Z",
"published": "2025-12-15T21:30:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-53881"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://ruijienetworks.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/51642"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/reyeeos-man-in-the-middle-remote-code-execution-via-cwmp"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-837J-XR3G-C46P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-03 18:31 – Updated: 2024-12-03 18:31IBM Cognos Controller 11.0.0 and 11.0.1 could allow a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information, caused by the failure to properly enable HTTP Strict Transport Security. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability to obtain sensitive information using man in the middle techniques.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-29892"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-319"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-03T17:15:05Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM Cognos Controller 11.0.0 and 11.0.1 could allow a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information, caused by the failure to properly enable HTTP Strict Transport Security. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability to obtain sensitive information using man in the middle techniques.",
"id": "GHSA-837j-xr3g-c46p",
"modified": "2024-12-03T18:31:03Z",
"published": "2024-12-03T18:31:03Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-29892"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7177220"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-83CP-RQX6-H4PQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-29 00:01 – Updated: 2022-04-07 00:00** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** A vulnerability was found in ISS BlackICE PC Protection. It has been declared as problematic. Affected by this vulnerability is the component Update Handler which allows cleartext transmission of data. NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2003-5002"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-319"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-03-28T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** A vulnerability was found in ISS BlackICE PC Protection. It has been declared as problematic. Affected by this vulnerability is the component Update Handler which allows cleartext transmission of data. NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.",
"id": "GHSA-83cp-rqx6-h4pq",
"modified": "2022-04-07T00:00:37Z",
"published": "2022-03-29T00:01:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2003-5002"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.295"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-83F3-HH45-VFW9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-07 18:16 – Updated: 2026-04-24 21:04Summary
Before OpenClaw 2026.4.2, Android accepted non-loopback cleartext ws:// gateway endpoints and would send stored gateway credentials over that connection. Discovery beacons or setup codes could therefore steer the client onto a cleartext remote endpoint.
Impact
A user who followed a forged discovery result or scanned a crafted setup code could disclose stored gateway credentials to an attacker-controlled endpoint in plaintext. This was a transport-security bug in the Android gateway client.
Affected Packages / Versions
- Package:
openclaw(npm) - Affected versions:
<= 2026.4.1 - Patched versions:
>= 2026.4.2 - Latest published npm version:
2026.4.1
Fix Commit(s)
a941a4fef9bc43b2973c92d0dcff5b8a426210c5— require TLS for remote Android gateway endpoints
Release Process Note
The fix is present on main and is staged for OpenClaw 2026.4.2. Publish this advisory after the 2026.4.2 npm release is live.
Thanks @zsxsoft for reporting.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2026.4.1"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "openclaw"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2026.4.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-40045"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-200",
"CWE-319"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-07T18:16:06Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-21T00:16:29Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "## Summary\n\nBefore OpenClaw 2026.4.2, Android accepted non-loopback cleartext `ws://` gateway endpoints and would send stored gateway credentials over that connection. Discovery beacons or setup codes could therefore steer the client onto a cleartext remote endpoint.\n\n## Impact\n\nA user who followed a forged discovery result or scanned a crafted setup code could disclose stored gateway credentials to an attacker-controlled endpoint in plaintext. This was a transport-security bug in the Android gateway client.\n\n## Affected Packages / Versions\n\n- Package: `openclaw` (npm)\n- Affected versions: `\u003c= 2026.4.1`\n- Patched versions: `\u003e= 2026.4.2`\n- Latest published npm version: `2026.4.1`\n\n## Fix Commit(s)\n\n- `a941a4fef9bc43b2973c92d0dcff5b8a426210c5` \u2014 require TLS for remote Android gateway endpoints\n\n## Release Process Note\n\nThe fix is present on `main` and is staged for OpenClaw `2026.4.2`. Publish this advisory after the `2026.4.2` npm release is live.\n\nThanks @zsxsoft for reporting.",
"id": "GHSA-83f3-hh45-vfw9",
"modified": "2026-04-24T21:04:43Z",
"published": "2026-04-07T18:16:06Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-83f3-hh45-vfw9"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-40045"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/a941a4fef9bc43b2973c92d0dcff5b8a426210c5"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-cleartext-credential-transmission-via-unencrypted-websocket-gateway-endpoints"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "OpenClaw: Android accepted cleartext remote gateway endpoints and sent stored credentials over ws://"
}
GHSA-83GJ-2VRH-JVX9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-11 12:30 – Updated: 2026-06-05 12:31Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information vulnerability in Pan Software & Information Technologies Ltd. PanCafe Pro allows Flooding.This issue affects PanCafe Pro: from < 3.3.2 through 23092025.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-10174"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-319"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-11T12:16:01Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information vulnerability in Pan Software \u0026 Information Technologies Ltd. PanCafe Pro allows Flooding.This issue affects PanCafe Pro: from \u003c 3.3.2 through 23092025.",
"id": "GHSA-83gj-2vrh-jvx9",
"modified": "2026-06-05T12:31:44Z",
"published": "2026-02-11T12:30:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-10174"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://siberguvenlik.gov.tr/guvenlik-bildirimleri/detay/tr-26-0058"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.usom.gov.tr/bildirim/tr-26-0058"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-83PW-28QW-XG2H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-06 18:31 – Updated: 2026-01-06 18:31QiHang Media Web Digital Signage 3.0.9 contains a sensitive information disclosure vulnerability that allows remote attackers to intercept user authentication credentials through cleartext cookie transmission. Attackers can perform man-in-the-middle attacks to capture and potentially misuse stored authentication credentials transmitted in an insecure manner.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-36914"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-319"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-06T16:15:47Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "QiHang Media Web Digital Signage 3.0.9 contains a sensitive information disclosure vulnerability that allows remote attackers to intercept user authentication credentials through cleartext cookie transmission. Attackers can perform man-in-the-middle attacks to capture and potentially misuse stored authentication credentials transmitted in an insecure manner.",
"id": "GHSA-83pw-28qw-xg2h",
"modified": "2026-01-06T18:31:34Z",
"published": "2026-01-06T18:31:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-36914"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cxsecurity.com/issue/WLB-2020080059"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/186770"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/158858"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.howfor.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/qihang-media-web-digital-signage-cookie-authentication-credentials-disclosure"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zeroscience.mk/en/vulnerabilities/ZSL-2020-5578.php"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-83RH-F8P6-MCRP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:22 – Updated: 2024-04-04 02:54Atlassian Bitbucket Server from version 4.9.0 before version 7.2.4 allows remote attackers to intercept unencrypted repository import requests via a Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attack.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-14171"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-319"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-07-09T18:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Atlassian Bitbucket Server from version 4.9.0 before version 7.2.4 allows remote attackers to intercept unencrypted repository import requests via a Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attack.",
"id": "GHSA-83rh-f8p6-mcrp",
"modified": "2024-04-04T02:54:48Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:22:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-14171"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jira.atlassian.com/browse/BSERV-12434"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-83X8-FRP9-8943
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:16 – Updated: 2024-04-04 02:50In versions prior to 3.3.0, the NGINX Controller is configured to communicate with its Postgres database server over unencrypted channels, making the communicated data vulnerable to interception via man-in-the-middle (MiTM) attacks.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-5865"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-200",
"CWE-319"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-04-23T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In versions prior to 3.3.0, the NGINX Controller is configured to communicate with its Postgres database server over unencrypted channels, making the communicated data vulnerable to interception via man-in-the-middle (MiTM) attacks.",
"id": "GHSA-83x8-frp9-8943",
"modified": "2024-04-04T02:50:09Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:16:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-5865"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20200430-0005"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K21009022"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-84H2-3VMH-4GMW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:47 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:47An issue was discovered on OnePlus One, X, 2, 3, and 3T devices. Due to a lenient updater-script in the OnePlus OTA images, and the fact that both ROMs use the same OTA verification keys, attackers can install HydrogenOS over OxygenOS and vice versa, even on locked bootloaders, which allows for exploitation of vulnerabilities patched on one image but not on the other, in addition to expansion of the attack surface. This vulnerability can be exploited by Man-in-the-Middle (MiTM) attackers targeting the update process. This is possible because the update transaction does not occur over TLS (CVE-2016-10370). In addition, physical attackers can reboot the phone into recovery, and then use 'adb sideload' to push the OTA (on OnePlus 3/3T 'Secure Start-up' must be off).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-8850"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-319"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-05-11T18:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered on OnePlus One, X, 2, 3, and 3T devices. Due to a lenient updater-script in the OnePlus OTA images, and the fact that both ROMs use the same OTA verification keys, attackers can install HydrogenOS over OxygenOS and vice versa, even on locked bootloaders, which allows for exploitation of vulnerabilities patched on one image but not on the other, in addition to expansion of the attack surface. This vulnerability can be exploited by Man-in-the-Middle (MiTM) attackers targeting the update process. This is possible because the update transaction does not occur over TLS (CVE-2016-10370). In addition, physical attackers can reboot the phone into recovery, and then use \u0027adb sideload\u0027 to push the OTA (on OnePlus 3/3T \u0027Secure Start-up\u0027 must be off).",
"id": "GHSA-84h2-3vmh-4gmw",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:47:43Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:47:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-8850"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://alephsecurity.com/vulns/aleph-2017020"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-84HR-4CWH-X64M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-09 06:30 – Updated: 2026-03-05 15:30A vulnerability has been found in FAST/TOOLS provided by Yokogawa Electric Corporation.
The library version could be displayed on the web page. This information could be exploited by an attacker for other attacks.
The affected products and versions are as follows: FAST/TOOLS (Packages: RVSVRN, UNSVRN, HMIWEB, FTEES, HMIMOB) R9.01 to R10.04
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-66604"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-319"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-09T04:15:49Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been found in FAST/TOOLS provided by Yokogawa Electric Corporation.\n\n\n\nThe library version\ncould be displayed on the web page. This information could be exploited by an\nattacker for other attacks.\n\n\n\nThe\naffected products and versions are as follows: FAST/TOOLS (Packages: RVSVRN, UNSVRN, HMIWEB, FTEES, HMIMOB) R9.01 to\nR10.04",
"id": "GHSA-84hr-4cwh-x64m",
"modified": "2026-03-05T15:30:33Z",
"published": "2026-02-09T06:30:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-66604"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web-material3.yokogawa.com/1/39206/files/YSAR-26-0001-E.pdf"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:A/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Before transmitting, encrypt the data using reliable, confidentiality-protecting cryptographic protocols.
Mitigation
When using web applications with SSL, use SSL for the entire session from login to logout, not just for the initial login page.
Mitigation
When designing hardware platforms, ensure that approved encryption algorithms (such as those recommended by NIST) protect paths from security critical data to trusted user applications.
Mitigation
Use tools and techniques that require manual (human) analysis, such as penetration testing, threat modeling, and interactive tools that allow the tester to record and modify an active session. These may be more effective than strictly automated techniques. This is especially the case with weaknesses that are related to design and business rules.
Mitigation
Configure servers to use encrypted channels for communication, which may include SSL or other secure protocols.
CAPEC-102: Session Sidejacking
Session sidejacking takes advantage of an unencrypted communication channel between a victim and target system. The attacker sniffs traffic on a network looking for session tokens in unencrypted traffic. Once a session token is captured, the attacker performs malicious actions by using the stolen token with the targeted application to impersonate the victim. This attack is a specific method of session hijacking, which is exploiting a valid session token to gain unauthorized access to a target system or information. Other methods to perform a session hijacking are session fixation, cross-site scripting, or compromising a user or server machine and stealing the session token.
CAPEC-117: Interception
An adversary monitors data streams to or from the target for information gathering purposes. This attack may be undertaken to solely gather sensitive information or to support a further attack against the target. This attack pattern can involve sniffing network traffic as well as other types of data streams (e.g. radio). The adversary can attempt to initiate the establishment of a data stream or passively observe the communications as they unfold. In all variants of this attack, the adversary is not the intended recipient of the data stream. In contrast to other means of gathering information (e.g., targeting data leaks), the adversary must actively position themself so as to observe explicit data channels (e.g. network traffic) and read the content. However, this attack differs from a Adversary-In-the-Middle (CAPEC-94) attack, as the adversary does not alter the content of the communications nor forward data to the intended recipient.
CAPEC-383: Harvesting Information via API Event Monitoring
An adversary hosts an event within an application framework and then monitors the data exchanged during the course of the event for the purpose of harvesting any important data leaked during the transactions. One example could be harvesting lists of usernames or userIDs for the purpose of sending spam messages to those users. One example of this type of attack involves the adversary creating an event within the sub-application. Assume the adversary hosts a "virtual sale" of rare items. As other users enter the event, the attacker records via AiTM (CAPEC-94) proxy the user_ids and usernames of everyone who attends. The adversary would then be able to spam those users within the application using an automated script.
CAPEC-477: Signature Spoofing by Mixing Signed and Unsigned Content
An attacker exploits the underlying complexity of a data structure that allows for both signed and unsigned content, to cause unsigned data to be processed as though it were signed data.
CAPEC-65: Sniff Application Code
An adversary passively sniffs network communications and captures application code bound for an authorized client. Once obtained, they can use it as-is, or through reverse-engineering glean sensitive information or exploit the trust relationship between the client and server. Such code may belong to a dynamic update to the client, a patch being applied to a client component or any such interaction where the client is authorized to communicate with the server.