Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-1336

Allowed

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product uses a template engine to insert or process externally-influenced input, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements or syntax that can be interpreted as template expressions or other code directives when processed by the engine.

460 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-2F5F-57CV-Q45J

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-04 18:31 – Updated: 2026-09-08 18:31
VLAI
Details

IBM Verify Identity Access Advanced Access Control may be vulnerable to an information disclosure attack.

Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-13297"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1336"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-09-04T17:16:51Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "IBM Verify Identity Access Advanced Access Control may be vulnerable to an information disclosure attack.",
  "id": "GHSA-2f5f-57cv-q45j",
  "modified": "2026-09-08T18:31:40Z",
  "published": "2026-09-04T18:31:29Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-13297"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7286188"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-2H9G-J24R-H63G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-03 18:38 – Updated: 2026-09-03 18:38
VLAI
Summary
Orval: Import-time RCE via array-items default -> zod module-level template literal
Details

Summary

Orval's zod schema generation emits the array-items default value as a module-level template literal (export const …Default =;) without escaping ${ or the backtick. A default of the form v${<code>}w injects a live JavaScript expression evaluated when the generated zod schema module is imported, executing attacker-controlled code at import — no request or function call needed. Verified on Orval 8.19.0; survives default OpenAPI validation.

Details

export const …Default = `v${globalThis.ORVPWN()}w`;   // ${...} = arbitrary JS expression, runs at import

Malicious input: an array property (string items) with a default of v${<attacker JS>}w. ${...} permits any JS expression.

Note: this is one of several default-bearing positions that reach the same unescaped zod template-literal sink; a single fix (escape default values) closes all of them, and a CNA may choose to consolidate the related reports.

PoC

reproduce.sh (+ make_spec.py) attached: generates the zod schema with default validation, bundles it, imports it, and shows a marker written at import. Verified on 8.19.0.

Impact

Code execution at import in any application that imports a zod schema module generated from an attacker-controlled or attacker-influenced OpenAPI description.

Suggested fix

Emit default values via a proper string-literal encoder (JSON.stringify, or escape backtick and ${ if a template literal must be used); never interpolate a spec value into a template literal. Apply to every default position. maintainer-report.txt make_spec.pyreproduce.sh

Severity
9.3 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "orval"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "8.21.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-71869"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-116",
      "CWE-1336",
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-09-03T18:38:20Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-08-19T18:17:24Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nOrval\u0027s zod schema generation emits the **array-items** `default` value as a module-level template literal (`export const \u2026Default = `\u003cdefault\u003e`;`) without escaping `${` or the backtick. A default of the form `v${\u003ccode\u003e}w` injects a live JavaScript expression evaluated when the generated zod schema module is imported, executing attacker-controlled code at import \u2014 no request or function call needed. Verified on Orval 8.19.0; survives default OpenAPI validation.\n\n### Details\n\n```ts\nexport const \u2026Default = `v${globalThis.ORVPWN()}w`;   // ${...} = arbitrary JS expression, runs at import\n```\n\nMalicious input: an array property (string items) with a `default` of `v${\u003cattacker JS\u003e}w`. `${...}` permits any JS expression.\n\nNote: this is one of several `default`-bearing positions that reach the same unescaped zod template-literal sink; a single fix (escape `default` values) closes all of them, and a CNA may choose to consolidate the related reports.\n\n### PoC\n\n`reproduce.sh` (+ `make_spec.py`) attached: generates the zod schema with default validation, bundles it, imports it, and shows a marker written at import. Verified on 8.19.0.\n\n### Impact\n\nCode execution at import in any application that imports a zod schema module generated from an attacker-controlled or attacker-influenced OpenAPI description.\n\n### Suggested fix\n\nEmit `default` values via a proper string-literal encoder (JSON.stringify, or escape backtick and `${` if a template literal must be used); never interpolate a spec value into a template literal. Apply to every `default` position. [maintainer-report.txt](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/29399151/maintainer-report.txt) [make_spec.py](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/29399152/make_spec.py)[reproduce.sh](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/29399153/reproduce.sh)",
  "id": "GHSA-2h9g-j24r-h63g",
  "modified": "2026-09-03T18:38:20Z",
  "published": "2026-09-03T18:38:20Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/orval-labs/orval/security/advisories/GHSA-2h9g-j24r-h63g"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-71869"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/orval-labs/orval/pull/3692"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/orval-labs/orval/commit/8ef1bfdf3f9bcaf9dabfbe2e42887f1c0e159ab6"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/orval-labs/orval"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/orval-labs/orval/releases/tag/v8.21.0"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Orval: Import-time RCE via array-items default -\u003e zod module-level template literal"
}

GHSA-2JQG-X237-HWX2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-18 12:31 – Updated: 2026-08-18 12:31
VLAI
Details

grav-plugin-api versions before 1.0.15 fail to validate Twig content in the translate() endpoint, allowing attackers with api.pages.write permission to persist pages with process.twig enabled. Attackers can submit crafted header and content parameters to execute server-side template injection payloads that are evaluated at render time.

Severity
8.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
8.6 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-75829"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1336"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-08-18T12:19:32Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "grav-plugin-api versions before 1.0.15 fail to validate Twig content in the translate() endpoint, allowing attackers with api.pages.write permission to persist pages with process.twig enabled. Attackers can submit crafted header and content parameters to execute server-side template injection payloads that are evaluated at render time.",
  "id": "GHSA-2jqg-x237-hwx2",
  "modified": "2026-08-18T12:31:22Z",
  "published": "2026-08-18T12:31:22Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/getgrav/grav/security/advisories/GHSA-w94c-jmg4-w4c9"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-75829"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/grav-plugin-api-before-twig-ssti-via-translate-endpoint"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-2V4M-FW6C-G78F

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-01 17:56 – Updated: 2026-07-01 17:56
VLAI
Summary
GeoNetwork has reflected XSS through client-side template injection
Details

Summary

It is possible to craft a URL that causes GeoNetwork to reflect attacker-controlled content into an error page in a way that gets evaluated as a client-side template expression. Combined with known AngularJS sandbox-escape techniques, this can be used to execute arbitrary JavaScript in the victim's browser (reflected Cross-Site Scripting via client-side template injection).

Details

When a user requests a service URL that does not exist or that they are not authorized to access, GeoNetwork shows an error page that reflects part of the original request back to the user without adequately neutralizing it for the context it is rendered in. Because this error page is an AngularJS application, attacker-controlled content in the reflected value can be interpreted as a template expression and evaluated once the page loads in the victim's browser, rather than being displayed as inert text.

Impact

An attacker can trick a user (including an administrator) into visiting a crafted link. The resulting script execution runs in the context of the victim's authenticated session and can be used to exfiltrate information or perform actions on the victim's behalf. For example, an attacker could inject a fake login form that looks identical to the legitimate GeoNetwork login page to harvest credentials.

GeoNetwork 3.x and 4.0.x are archived/unmaintained and will not receive a fix for this issue. Instances running those lines should upgrade to a supported release (4.2.15 or later, or 4.4.10 or later).

Severity
7.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:N
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.geonetwork-opensource:geonetwork"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "3.0.0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "3.12.12"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.geonetwork-opensource:geonetwork"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "4.0.0-alpha.1"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "4.0.6"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 4.2.14"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.geonetwork-opensource:geonetwork"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "4.2.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.2.15"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 4.4.9"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.geonetwork-opensource:geonetwork"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "4.4.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.4.10"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-39379"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1336",
      "CWE-79"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-07-01T17:56:51Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\nIt is possible to craft a URL that causes GeoNetwork to reflect attacker-controlled content into an error page in a way that gets evaluated as a client-side template expression. Combined with known AngularJS sandbox-escape techniques, this can be used to execute arbitrary JavaScript in the victim\u0027s browser (reflected Cross-Site Scripting via client-side template injection).\n\n### Details\nWhen a user requests a service URL that does not exist or that they are not authorized to access, GeoNetwork shows an error page that reflects part of the original request back to the user without adequately neutralizing it for the context it is rendered in. Because this error page is an AngularJS application, attacker-controlled content in the reflected value can be interpreted as a template expression and evaluated once the page loads in the victim\u0027s browser, rather than being displayed as inert text.\n\n### Impact\nAn attacker can trick a user (including an administrator) into visiting a crafted link. The resulting script execution runs in the context of the victim\u0027s authenticated session and can be used to exfiltrate information or perform actions on the victim\u0027s behalf. For example, an attacker could inject a fake login form that looks identical to the legitimate GeoNetwork login page to harvest credentials.\n\nGeoNetwork 3.x and 4.0.x are archived/unmaintained and will not receive a fix for this issue. Instances running those lines should upgrade to a supported release (4.2.15 or later, or 4.4.10 or later).",
  "id": "GHSA-2v4m-fw6c-g78f",
  "modified": "2026-07-01T17:56:51Z",
  "published": "2026-07-01T17:56:51Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/geonetwork/core-geonetwork/security/advisories/GHSA-2v4m-fw6c-g78f"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/geonetwork/core-geonetwork"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "GeoNetwork has reflected XSS through client-side template injection"
}

GHSA-2W8R-RHGC-4PCH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-24 15:31 – Updated: 2026-09-24 15:31
VLAI
Details

HFS2 version 2.4.0 and earlier contains a template injection vulnerability in the multipart upload handler that allows unauthenticated attackers to achieve remote code execution by embedding malicious template syntax in a filename. Attackers can craft a filename containing a closing template quoting sequence followed by an exec macro, which bypasses the authorization check in the dispatcher to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying host system.

Severity
10.0 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
10.0 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-97359"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1336"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-09-24T14:18:22Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "HFS2 version 2.4.0 and earlier contains a template injection vulnerability in the multipart upload handler that allows unauthenticated attackers to achieve remote code execution by embedding malicious template syntax in a filename. Attackers can craft a filename containing a closing template quoting sequence followed by an exec macro, which bypasses the authorization check in the dispatcher to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying host system.",
  "id": "GHSA-2w8r-rhgc-4pch",
  "modified": "2026-09-24T15:31:33Z",
  "published": "2026-09-24T15:31:33Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-97359"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/wgetnz/hfs2/blob/master/advisories/hfs2-upload-filename-template-injection/README.md"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/hfs2-rce-via-multipart-upload-filename-template-injection"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-33QF-Q99X-WPM8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-16 21:28 – Updated: 2026-04-27 16:15
VLAI
Summary
Home Assistant Command-line Interface: Handling of user-supplied Jinja2 templates
Details

Impact

Up to 1.0.0 of home-assitant-cli (or hass-cli for short) an unrestricted environment was used to handle Jninja2 templates instead of a sandboxed one. The user-supplied input within Jinja2 templates was rendered locally with no restrictions. This gave users access to Python's internals and extended the scope of templating beyond the intended usage.

E. g., it was possible to render a template with hass-cli template bad-template.j2 --local that contained entries like

{%- set b   = environ.__globals__['__builtins__'] -%}
{%- set os  = b['__import__']('os') -%}
{%- set bio = b['__import__']('builtins') -%}
...

or other malicious Jinja2 expressions. This can lead to arbitrary code execution on the local machine.

In a two step process an adversary could trick/convince an user to download third-party templates which contain harmful code (e. g., perform data manipulation or establish a remote shell) then to render those templates unchecked/reviewed/verified with --local.

The issue only affect the local machine and not a remote Home Assistant instance. It also requires user interventions.

Patches

1.0.0 uses ImmutableSandboxedEnvironment and restricts the usage of environment variables.

Workarounds

Evaluate the Jninja2 templates manually or tool-based before rendering with hass-cli.

Severity
5.6 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "homeassistant-cli"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.0.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-40602"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1336",
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-16T21:28:39Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-21T18:16:51Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n\nUp to 1.0.0 of `home-assitant-cli` (or `hass-cli` for short) an unrestricted environment was used to handle Jninja2 templates instead of a sandboxed one. The user-supplied input within Jinja2 templates was rendered locally with no restrictions. This gave users access to Python\u0027s internals and extended the scope of templating beyond the intended usage.\n\nE. g., it was possible to render a template with `hass-cli template bad-template.j2 --local` that contained entries like\n\n````j2\n{%- set b   = environ.__globals__[\u0027__builtins__\u0027] -%}\n{%- set os  = b[\u0027__import__\u0027](\u0027os\u0027) -%}\n{%- set bio = b[\u0027__import__\u0027](\u0027builtins\u0027) -%}\n...\n````\n\nor other malicious Jinja2 expressions. This can lead to arbitrary code execution on the local machine.\n\nIn a two step process an adversary could trick/convince an user to download third-party templates which contain harmful code (e. g., perform data manipulation or establish a remote shell)  then to render those templates unchecked/reviewed/verified with `--local`. \n\nThe issue only affect the local machine and not a remote Home Assistant instance. It also requires user interventions.\n\n### Patches\n\n1.0.0 uses `ImmutableSandboxedEnvironment` and restricts the usage of environment variables.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nEvaluate the Jninja2 templates manually or  tool-based before rendering with `hass-cli`.",
  "id": "GHSA-33qf-q99x-wpm8",
  "modified": "2026-04-27T16:15:58Z",
  "published": "2026-04-16T21:28:39Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/home-assistant-ecosystem/home-assistant-cli/security/advisories/GHSA-33qf-q99x-wpm8"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-40602"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/home-assistant-ecosystem/home-assistant-cli/pull/453"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/home-assistant-ecosystem/home-assistant-cli"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Home Assistant Command-line Interface: Handling of user-supplied Jinja2 templates"
}

GHSA-34HW-4CQQ-QH3W

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-17 03:30 – Updated: 2025-12-17 03:30
VLAI
Details

An input neutralization vulnerability in the Webhook Template component of Crafty Controller allows a remote, authenticated attacker to perform remote code execution via Server Side Template Injection.

Severity
9.9 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-14700"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1336"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-12-17T01:15:59Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "An input neutralization vulnerability in the Webhook Template component of Crafty Controller allows a remote, authenticated attacker to perform remote code execution via Server Side Template Injection.",
  "id": "GHSA-34hw-4cqq-qh3w",
  "modified": "2025-12-17T03:30:13Z",
  "published": "2025-12-17T03:30:13Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-14700"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gitlab.com/crafty-controller/crafty-4/-/issues/646"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3575-W9FC-C2J6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-03 18:20 – Updated: 2026-09-03 18:20
VLAI
Summary
Orval: Import-time RCE via enum-typed default -> zod module-level template literal
Details

Summary

Orval's zod schema generation emits the enum-typed default value as a module-level template literal (export const …Default =;) without escaping ${ or the backtick. A default of the form v${<code>}w injects a live JavaScript expression evaluated when the generated zod schema module is imported, executing attacker-controlled code at import — no request or function call needed. Verified on Orval 8.19.0; survives default OpenAPI validation.

Details

export const …Default = `v${globalThis.ORVPWN()}w`;   // ${...} = arbitrary JS expression, runs at import

Malicious input: an enum-typed property with a default of v${<attacker JS>}w. ${...} permits any JS expression.

Note: this is one of several default-bearing positions that reach the same unescaped zod template-literal sink; a single fix (escape default values) closes all of them, and a CNA may choose to consolidate the related reports.

PoC

reproduce.sh (+ make_spec.py) attached: generates the zod schema with default validation, bundles it, imports it, and shows a marker written at import. Verified on 8.19.0.

Impact

Code execution at import in any application that imports a zod schema module generated from an attacker-controlled or attacker-influenced OpenAPI description.

Suggested fix

Emit default values via a proper string-literal encoder (JSON.stringify, or escape backtick and ${ if a template literal must be used); never interpolate a spec value into a template literal. Apply to every default position.

Severity
9.3 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "orval"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "8.21.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-71868"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1336",
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-09-03T18:20:55Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-08-19T18:17:24Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nOrval\u0027s zod schema generation emits the **enum-typed** `default` value as a module-level template literal (`export const \u2026Default = `\u003cdefault\u003e`;`) without escaping `${` or the backtick. A default of the form `v${\u003ccode\u003e}w` injects a live JavaScript expression evaluated when the generated zod schema module is imported, executing attacker-controlled code at import \u2014 no request or function call needed. Verified on Orval 8.19.0; survives default OpenAPI validation.\n\n### Details\n\n```ts\nexport const \u2026Default = `v${globalThis.ORVPWN()}w`;   // ${...} = arbitrary JS expression, runs at import\n```\n\nMalicious input: an enum-typed property with a `default` of `v${\u003cattacker JS\u003e}w`. `${...}` permits any JS expression.\n\nNote: this is one of several `default`-bearing positions that reach the same unescaped zod template-literal sink; a single fix (escape `default` values) closes all of them, and a CNA may choose to consolidate the related reports.\n\n### PoC\n\n`reproduce.sh` (+ `make_spec.py`) attached: generates the zod schema with default validation, bundles it, imports it, and shows a marker written at import. Verified on 8.19.0.\n\n### Impact\n\nCode execution at import in any application that imports a zod schema module generated from an attacker-controlled or attacker-influenced OpenAPI description.\n\n### Suggested fix\n\nEmit `default` values via a proper string-literal encoder (JSON.stringify, or escape backtick and `${` if a template literal must be used); never interpolate a spec value into a template literal. Apply to every `default` position.",
  "id": "GHSA-3575-w9fc-c2j6",
  "modified": "2026-09-03T18:20:55Z",
  "published": "2026-09-03T18:20:55Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/orval-labs/orval/security/advisories/GHSA-3575-w9fc-c2j6"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-71868"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/orval-labs/orval/pull/3692"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/orval-labs/orval/commit/8ef1bfdf3f9bcaf9dabfbe2e42887f1c0e159ab6"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/orval-labs/orval"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/orval-labs/orval/releases/tag/v8.21.0"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Orval: Import-time RCE via enum-typed default -\u003e zod module-level template literal"
}

GHSA-35JP-8CGG-P4WJ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-08 14:50 – Updated: 2024-08-08 17:00
VLAI
Summary
Shopware vulnerable to Server Side Template Injection in Twig using Context functions
Details

Impact

The context variable is injected into almost any Twig Template and allows to access to current language, currency information. The context object allows also to switch for a short time the scope of the Context as a helper with a callable function.

Example call from PHP:

$context->scope(Context::SYSTEM_SCOPE, static function (Context $context) use ($mediaService, $media, &$fileBlob): void {
    $fileBlob = $mediaService->loadFile($media->getId(), $context);
});

This function can be called also from Twig and as the second parameter allows any callable, it's possible to call from Twig any statically callable PHP function/method.

It's not possible as customer to provide any Twig code, the attacker would require access to Administration to exploit it using Mail templates or using App Scripts.

Patches

Update to Shopware 6.6.5.1 or 6.5.8.13

Workarounds

For older versions of 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 and 6.4 corresponding security measures are also available via a plugin. For the full range of functions, we recommend updating to the latest Shopware version.

Severity
8.3 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:L
8.7 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 6.5.8.12"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "shopware/core"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "6.5.8.13"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 6.5.8.12"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "shopware/platform"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "6.5.8.13"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 6.6.5.0"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "shopware/platform"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "6.6.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "6.6.5.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 6.6.5.0"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "shopware/core"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "6.6.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "6.6.5.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-42356"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1336",
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-08-08T14:50:11Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-08-08T15:15:18Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\nThe `context` variable is injected into almost any Twig Template and allows to access to current language, currency information. The context object allows also to switch for a short time the scope of the Context as a helper with a callable function. \n\nExample call from PHP:\n\n```php\n$context-\u003escope(Context::SYSTEM_SCOPE, static function (Context $context) use ($mediaService, $media, \u0026$fileBlob): void {\n    $fileBlob = $mediaService-\u003eloadFile($media-\u003egetId(), $context);\n});\n```\n\nThis function can be called also from Twig and as the second parameter allows any callable, it\u0027s possible to call from Twig any statically callable PHP function/method.\n\nIt\u0027s not possible as customer to provide any Twig code, the attacker would require access to Administration to exploit it using Mail templates or using App Scripts.\n\n### Patches\nUpdate to Shopware 6.6.5.1 or 6.5.8.13\n\n### Workarounds\nFor older versions of 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 and 6.4 corresponding security measures are also available via a plugin. For the full range of functions, we recommend updating to the latest Shopware version.\n",
  "id": "GHSA-35jp-8cgg-p4wj",
  "modified": "2024-08-08T17:00:22Z",
  "published": "2024-08-08T14:50:11Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/shopware/shopware/security/advisories/GHSA-35jp-8cgg-p4wj"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-42356"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/shopware/core/commit/04183e0c02af3b404eb7d52c683734bfe0595038"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/shopware/core/commit/a784aa1cec0624e36e0ee4d41aeebaed40e0442f"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/shopware/shopware/commit/8504ba7e56e53add6a1d5b9d45015e3d899cd0ac"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/shopware/shopware/commit/e43423bcc93c618c3036f94c12aa29514da8cf2e"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/shopware/shopware"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Shopware vulnerable to Server Side Template Injection in Twig using Context functions"
}

GHSA-3625-697M-Q29V

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-25 03:32 – Updated: 2026-08-25 03:32
VLAI
Details

The Grav Email plugin (getgrav/grav-plugin-email) before 4.2.2 renders page-editor-controlled Email action parameters as unsandboxed Twig templates. An authenticated remote user with only api.access and api.pages.write permissions can place a Twig expression in header.form.process.email.body, publish the page, and submit the form to execute an arbitrary operating-system command as the account running PHP.

Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
8.7 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-75574"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1336"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-08-25T02:16:51Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The Grav Email plugin (getgrav/grav-plugin-email) before 4.2.2 renders page-editor-controlled Email action parameters as unsandboxed Twig templates. An authenticated remote user with only api.access and api.pages.write permissions can place a Twig expression in header.form.process.email.body, publish the page, and submit the form to execute an arbitrary operating-system command as the account running PHP.",
  "id": "GHSA-3625-697m-q29v",
  "modified": "2026-08-25T03:32:10Z",
  "published": "2026-08-25T03:32:10Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/getgrav/grav/security/advisories/GHSA-gh8j-q67c-j53f"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-75574"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/grav-before-remote-code-execution-via-email-twig"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Choose a template engine that offers a sandbox or restricted mode, or at least limits the power of any available expressions, function calls, or commands.

Mitigation
Implementation

Use the template engine's sandbox or restricted mode, if available.

No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.

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