CWE-1321
AllowedImproperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution')
Abstraction: Variant · Status: Incomplete
The product receives input from an upstream component that specifies attributes that are to be initialized or updated in an object, but it does not properly control modifications of attributes of the object prototype.
938 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-79H2-V6HH-WQ23
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-06 06:31 – Updated: 2025-02-06 22:52A prototype pollution in the lib.deep function of @ndhoule/defaults v2.0.1 allows attackers to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) via supplying a crafted payload.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@ndhoule/defaults"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "2.0.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-57066"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1321"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-02-06T22:52:18Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-05T22:15:31Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A prototype pollution in the lib.deep function of @ndhoule/defaults v2.0.1 allows attackers to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) via supplying a crafted payload.",
"id": "GHSA-79h2-v6hh-wq23",
"modified": "2025-02-06T22:52:18Z",
"published": "2025-02-06T06:31:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-57066"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/tariqhawis/8ee7327cc8b78df738cd32505cbbbd44"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/ndhoule/defaults"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "@ndhoule/defaults prototype pollution"
}
GHSA-79XF-67R4-Q2JJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-04-11 06:30 – Updated: 2023-04-19 17:10All versions of the package safe-eval are vulnerable to Sandbox Bypass due to improper input sanitization. The vulnerability is derived from prototype pollution exploitation. Exploiting this vulnerability might result in remote code execution (RCE).
Vulnerable functions:
defineGetter, stack(), toLocaleString(), propertyIsEnumerable.call(), valueOf().
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "safe-eval"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "0.4.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-26122"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1321"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-04-11T15:27:27Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-04-11T05:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "All versions of the package safe-eval are vulnerable to Sandbox Bypass due to improper input sanitization. The vulnerability is derived from prototype pollution exploitation. Exploiting this vulnerability might result in remote code execution (RCE).\n\n**Vulnerable functions:**\n\n__defineGetter__, stack(), toLocaleString(), propertyIsEnumerable.call(), valueOf().",
"id": "GHSA-79xf-67r4-q2jj",
"modified": "2023-04-19T17:10:20Z",
"published": "2023-04-11T06:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-26122"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/hacksparrow/safe-eval/issues/27"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/hacksparrow/safe-eval/issues/31"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/hacksparrow/safe-eval/issues/32"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/hacksparrow/safe-eval/issues/33"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/hacksparrow/safe-eval/issues/34"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/hacksparrow/safe-eval/issues/35"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/seongil-wi/2db6cb884e10137a93132b7f74879cce"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/hacksparrow/safe-eval"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JS-SAFEEVAL-3373064"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "safe-eval vulnerable to Sandbox Bypass due to improper input sanitization"
}
GHSA-7FGX-PMW9-49H5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-13 12:30 – Updated: 2024-08-13 12:30A flaw allowing arbitrary code execution was discovered in Kibana. An attacker with access to ML and Alerting connector features, as well as write access to internal ML indices can trigger a prototype pollution vulnerability, ultimately leading to arbitrary code execution.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-37287"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1321",
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-13T12:15:06Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A flaw allowing arbitrary code execution was discovered in Kibana. An attacker with access to ML and Alerting connector features, as well as write access to internal ML indices can trigger a prototype pollution vulnerability, ultimately leading to arbitrary code execution.",
"id": "GHSA-7fgx-pmw9-49h5",
"modified": "2024-08-13T12:30:53Z",
"published": "2024-08-13T12:30:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-37287"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://discuss.elastic.co/t/kibana-8-14-2-7-17-23-security-update-esa-2024-22"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-7H43-GX24-P529
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-05-10 19:17 – Updated: 2021-04-19 22:36This affects the package json8 before 1.0.3. The function adds in the target object the property specified in the path, however it does not properly check the key being set, leading to a prototype pollution.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "json8"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.0.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-7770"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1321"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-04-19T22:36:51Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2020-11-12T11:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "This affects the package json8 before 1.0.3. The function adds in the target object the property specified in the path, however it does not properly check the key being set, leading to a prototype pollution.",
"id": "GHSA-7h43-gx24-p529",
"modified": "2021-04-19T22:36:51Z",
"published": "2021-05-10T19:17:05Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-7770"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/sonnyp/JSON8/commit/2e890261b66cbc54ae01d0c79c71b0fd18379e7e"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JS-JSON8-1017116"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.npmjs.com/package/json8"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Prototype pollution in json8"
}
GHSA-7MG4-W3W5-X5PC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-05-10 18:37 – Updated: 2025-03-05 19:04This affects the package json-pointer before 0.6.1. Multiple reference of object using slash is supported.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "json-pointer"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.6.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.webjars.npm:json-pointer"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.6.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-7709"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1321"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-04-21T21:10:19Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2020-10-05T08:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "This affects the package json-pointer before 0.6.1. Multiple reference of object using slash is supported.",
"id": "GHSA-7mg4-w3w5-x5pc",
"modified": "2025-03-05T19:04:37Z",
"published": "2021-05-10T18:37:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-7709"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/manuelstofer/json-pointer/pull/34"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/manuelstofer/json-pointer/pull/34/files"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/manuelstofer/json-pointer"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JAVA-ORGWEBJARSNPM-598862"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JS-JSONPOINTER-596925"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.npmjs.com/package/json-pointer"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Prototype pollution in json-pointer"
}
GHSA-7MX3-VVMW-HJMV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-10-05 22:56 – Updated: 2026-10-05 22:56Closed by https://github.com/ardatan/graphql-tools/pull/8423 Mitigated in Hive Gateway by https://github.com/graphql-hive/gateway/pull/2600
A client can alias fields to constructor, __proto__ or prototype so that the response keys from two subgraphs collide on those names during result merging. Because mergeDeep recursed through inherited properties, the merge walked {}.constructor to Object, then Object.__proto__ to Function.prototype, and wrote a subgraph-supplied value over Function.prototype.call, breaking every subsequent request in the process until restart. This is remotely triggerable by an unauthenticated client with a single query against any supergraph that merges an object from two subgraphs, which is the ordinary @shareable or entity case, so it is a denial of service rather than a theoretical hardening issue.
{
shared {
fieldA
constructor: fieldB {
__proto__: child {
call: value
}
}
}
}
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 12.0.0"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@graphql-tools/utils"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "12.0.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-104852"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1321"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-10-05T22:56:46Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Closed by https://github.com/ardatan/graphql-tools/pull/8423\nMitigated in Hive Gateway by https://github.com/graphql-hive/gateway/pull/2600\n\nA client can alias fields to `constructor`, `__proto__` or `prototype` so that the response keys from two subgraphs collide on those names during result merging. Because `mergeDeep` recursed through inherited properties, the merge walked `{}.constructor` to `Object`, then `Object.__proto__` to `Function.prototype`, and wrote a subgraph-supplied value over `Function.prototype.call`, breaking every subsequent request in the process until restart. This is remotely triggerable by an unauthenticated client with a single query against any supergraph that merges an object from two subgraphs, which is the ordinary `@shareable` or entity case, so it is a denial of service rather than a theoretical hardening issue.\n\n\n```graphql\n{\n shared {\n fieldA\n constructor: fieldB {\n __proto__: child {\n call: value\n }\n }\n }\n}\n```",
"id": "GHSA-7mx3-vvmw-hjmv",
"modified": "2026-10-05T22:56:47Z",
"published": "2026-10-05T22:56:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ardatan/graphql-tools/security/advisories/GHSA-7mx3-vvmw-hjmv"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ardatan/graphql-tools/pull/8423"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/graphql-hive/gateway/pull/2600"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ardatan/graphql-tools/commit/0b9529f1988fd36186a7c106a6efe0356f1b7f2e"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/ardatan/graphql-tools"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ardatan/graphql-tools/releases/tag/@graphql-tools/utils@12.0.1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "GraphQL Tools has prototype pollution in well-established utility function `mergeDeep`"
}
GHSA-7PPQ-3WW2-75F4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-24 21:31 – Updated: 2024-07-24 21:31A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of HPE Aruba Networking EdgeConnect SD-WAN gateway could allow an authenticated remote attacker to conduct a server-side prototype pollution attack. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow an attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system leading to complete system compromise.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-33519"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1321"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-07-24T20:15:03Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of HPE Aruba Networking EdgeConnect SD-WAN gateway could allow an authenticated remote attacker to conduct a server-side prototype pollution attack. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow an attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system leading to complete system compromise.",
"id": "GHSA-7ppq-3ww2-75f4",
"modified": "2024-07-24T21:31:30Z",
"published": "2024-07-24T21:31:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-33519"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://csaf.arubanetworks.com/2024/hpe_aruba_networking_-_hpesbnw04673.txt"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-7PRF-VW4P-QR59
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-10 19:03 – Updated: 2021-06-22 15:45Prototype pollution in Stampit supermixer allows an attacker to modify the prototype of a base object which can vary in severity depending on the implementation.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "supermixer"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.0.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-24939"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1321"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-06-17T18:46:22Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-06-16T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Prototype pollution in Stampit supermixer allows an attacker to modify the prototype of a base object which can vary in severity depending on the implementation.",
"id": "GHSA-7prf-vw4p-qr59",
"modified": "2021-06-22T15:45:35Z",
"published": "2021-12-10T19:03:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-24939"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/stampit-org/supermixer/issues/9"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/stampit-org/supermixer/commit/94dcc6fc45e0fed96187cb52aaffadf76dbbc0a3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/959987"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/stampit-org/supermixer/compare/v1.0.4...v1.0.5"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Prototype pollution in supermixer"
}
GHSA-7PVX-4585-HQWW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-11-24 21:30 – Updated: 2023-12-01 22:37Prototype Pollution in GitHub repository robinbuschmann/sequelize-typescript prior to 2.1.6.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "sequelize-typescript"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.1.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-6293"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1321"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-12-01T22:37:52Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-11-24T20:15:07Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Prototype Pollution in GitHub repository robinbuschmann/sequelize-typescript prior to 2.1.6.",
"id": "GHSA-7pvx-4585-hqww",
"modified": "2023-12-01T22:37:52Z",
"published": "2023-11-24T21:30:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-6293"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/robinbuschmann/sequelize-typescript/commit/5ce8afdd1671b08c774ce106b000605ba8fccf78"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/robinbuschmann/sequelize-typescript"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.com/bounties/36a7ecbf-4d3d-462e-86a3-cda7b1ec64e2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "sequelize-typescript Prototype Pollution vulnerability"
}
GHSA-7PX2-3C2P-Q4V4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-30 06:30 – Updated: 2023-06-30 20:38All versions of the package flatnest are vulnerable to Prototype Pollution via the nest() function in flatnest/nest.js file.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "flatnest"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "1.0.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-26135"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1321"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-06-30T20:38:36Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-30T05:15:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "All versions of the package flatnest are vulnerable to Prototype Pollution via the `nest()` function in `flatnest/nest.js` file.",
"id": "GHSA-7px2-3c2p-q4v4",
"modified": "2023-06-30T20:38:36Z",
"published": "2023-06-30T06:30:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-26135"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/brycebaril/node-flatnest/issues/4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/brycebaril/node-flatnest/commit/27d569baf9d9d25677640edeaf2d13af165868d6"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/brycebaril/node-flatnest"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/brycebaril/node-flatnest/blob/b7d97ec64a04632378db87fcf3577bd51ac3ee39/nest.js#L43"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/brycebaril/node-flatnest/blob/b7d97ec64a04632378db87fcf3577bd51ac3ee39/nest.js%23L43"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JS-FLATNEST-3185149"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "flatnest Prototype Pollution vulnerability"
}
Mitigation
By freezing the object prototype first (for example, Object.freeze(Object.prototype)), modification of the prototype becomes impossible.
Mitigation
By blocking modifications of attributes that resolve to object prototype, such as proto or prototype, this weakness can be mitigated.
Mitigation
Strategy: Input Validation
When handling untrusted objects, validating using a schema can be used.
Mitigation
By using an object without prototypes (via Object.create(null) ), adding object prototype attributes by accessing the prototype via the special attributes becomes impossible, mitigating this weakness.
Mitigation
Map can be used instead of objects in most cases. If Map methods are used instead of object attributes, it is not possible to access the object prototype or modify it.
CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs
In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.
CAPEC-180: Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels
An attacker exploits a weakness in the configuration of access controls and is able to bypass the intended protection that these measures guard against and thereby obtain unauthorized access to the system or network. Sensitive functionality should always be protected with access controls. However configuring all but the most trivial access control systems can be very complicated and there are many opportunities for mistakes. If an attacker can learn of incorrectly configured access security settings, they may be able to exploit this in an attack.
CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables
This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.